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Table 2 Details of papers included in review

From: The first metatarsophalangeal joint in gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Location

Study design

Aim

Characteristics of gout participants

Outcome measures relevant to review

Bellamy [27]

Canada

Longitudinal cohort

Natural progression of 1MTP acute flares

N = 11

Male 100 %

Mean age 55 years

Mean disease duration 4 years

Diagnosis: “patients presenting with classical features of acute podagra, had experienced prior attacks of gouty arthritis and were known to be or have been hyperuricaemic”.

Clinical characteristics of 1MTP gout

Carter [32]

USA

Cross-sectional

The presence of synovial inflammation during intercritical gout

N = 72

Male 90 %

Mean age 56 years

Mean disease duration 10 years

Diagnosis: ACR criteria (incl. 42 % crystal proven)

Epidemiology of 1MTP gout

Dalbeth [58]

New Zealand

Cross-sectional

Scoring bone erosion in gout using CT imaging

N = 25

Male 75 %

Median age 60 years

Median disease duration 21 years

Diagnosis: ACR criteria (incl. 44 % crystal proven)

Imaging features of the 1MTP in gout

Dalbeth [55]

New Zealand

Cross-sectional

Relationship between radiographic joint damage and MSU crystal deposition using DECT imaging

N = 92

Male 93 %

Mean age 58 years

Mean disease duration 22 years

Diagnosis: ACR criteria (incl. 48 % crystal proven)

Imaging features of the 1MTP in gout

Dalbeth [54]

New Zealand

Cross-sectional

Comparison of DECT MSU deposition in people with gout and people with asymptomatic hyperuricaemia

N = 33

Male = 85 %

Mean age 61 years

Mean disease duration 11 years

Diagnosis: MSU crystal proven

Imaging features of the 1MTP in gout

Deesomchok [34]*

Thailand

Cross-sectional

Clinical pattern of gout in females and males

N = 194

Male 89 %

Mean age 59 (F) 52 (M) years

Mean disease duration 3 (F) 10 (M) years

Diagnosis: ACR criteria (incl. 81 % crystal proven)

Epidemiology of 1MTP gout

DeSouza [36]

Brazil

Cross-sectional

Clinical and laboratory features of gout in men and women

N = 58

Male 53 %

Mean age 64 (F) 61 (M) years

Mean disease duration 9 (F) 14 (M) years

Diagnosis: ACR criteria (% crystal proven not reported)

Epidemiology of 1MTP gout

Grahame [29]*

UK

Retrospective

Characteristics of patients with gout

N = 354

Male 90 %

Mean age NR

Mean disease duration NR

Diagnosis: patients with “recurrent acute episodes of arthritis in the presence of hyperuricaemia”

Epidemiology of 1MTP gout

Hall [28]*

USA

Longitudinal cohort

Epidemiology of gout and hyperuricaemia

N = 86

Male 87 %

Mean age 58 years

Mean disease duration 9 years

Diagnosis: patients who met two of the following: a typical attack of arthritis characterised by acute pain, usually accompanied by swelling and heat, lasting from a few day sot 2 weeks, and followed by complete remission of symptoms; an attack of arthritis exhibiting a striking and prompt response to therapeutic colchicine; the presence of hyperuricaemia.

Epidemiology of 1MTP gout

Howard [67]

USA

Cross-sectional

Reliability of ultrasound for tophi and double contour sign

N = 50

Male 100 %

Mean age 69 years

Mean disease duration NR

Diagnosis: ACR criteria (% crystal proven not reported)

Imaging features of the 1MTP in gout

Huppertz [31]*

Germany

Case-control

Diagnostic accuracy of DECT and ultrasound for detecting MSU crystal deposition

N = 39

Male NR

Mean age NR

Disease duration newly diagnosed

Diagnosis: Janssens score [10] of >8 or MSU crystal proven (46 %)

Imaging features of the 1MTP in gout

Janssens [10]*

Netherlands

Cross-sectional

Validation of a diagnostic model to predict gout

N = 209

Male 89.5 %

Mean age 59 years

Mean disease duration NR

Diagnosis: MSU crystal proven

Epidemiology of 1MTP gout

Kawenoki-Minc [21]

Poland

Cross-sectional

Incidence of radiographic evidence of degenerative articular changes in patients with gout

N = 262

Male NR

Mean age NR

Mean disease duration NR

Diagnosis: not reported

Imaging features of the 1MTP in gout

Kennedy [30]

London

Cross-sectional

MSU crystal presence in aspirated 1MTP joint fluid

N = 31

Male 100 %

Mean age 61 years

Mean disease duration 10 years

Diagnosis: patients who had “previously had podagra” including 52 % who were MSU crystal proven

Microscopy in 1MTP gout

Kienhorst [37]

Netherlands

Longitudinal cohort

Validation of clinical diagnosis of 1MTP gout

N = 123

Male 85 %

Mean age 59 years

Mean disease duration NR

Diagnosis: MSU crystal proven

Clinical characteristics of 1MTP gout

Kim [68]

Korea

Cross-sectional

DECT presence of MSU deposition

N = 101

Male 95 %

Mean age NR

Mean disease duration NR

Diagnosis: ACR criteria (% crystal proven not reported)

Imaging features of the 1MTP in gout

Kim [43]

Korea

Longitudinal cohort

Comparison of clinical outcomes of arthrodesis and tophi excision & evaluate MRI features of tophaceous gout

N = 15

Male 67 %

Mean age 57 years

Mean disease duration NR

Diagnosis: MSU crystal proven

Clinical characteristics of 1MTP gout; Functional characteristics of 1MTP gout; Imaging features of the 1MTP in gout

Lally [35]*

USA

Retrospective

Comparison of gouty arthritis in men and women

N = 98

Male 77 %

Mean age 63 (F) 63 (M) years

Mean disease duration 5 (F) 14 (M) years

Diagnosis: MSU crystal proven

Epidemiology of 1MTP gout

Mallinson [25]

Canada

Retrospective

Distribution of MSU crystal deposition in gout using DECT imaging

N = 148

Male 82 %

Mean age 61 years

Mean disease duration NR

Diagnosis: not reported

Microscopy in 1MTP gout

Mijiyawa [38]*

Togo

Retrospective

Characteristics of patients with gout

N = 106

Male 99 %

Mean age 53 years

Mean disease duration 8 years

Diagnosis: ACR criteria (incl. 17 % crystal proven)

Epidemiology of 1MTP gout

Kang [41]

Korea

Longitudinal cohort

Ultrasound characteristics of gout & efficacy of intra-articular steroid injection for acute 1MTP flares

N = 21

Male 86 %

Mean age 64 years

Mean disease duration NR

Diagnosis: ACR criteria (% crystal proven not reported)

Clinical characteristics of 1MTP gout; Imaging features of the 1MTP in gout

Naredo [50]

Spain

Case-control

Diagnostic value of ultrasound for gout

N = 91

Male 100 %

Mean age 56 years

Mean disease duration 7 years

Diagnosis: MSU crystal proven

Imaging features of the 1MTP in gout

Ordonez [17]

Spain

Cross-sectional

Reliability of ultrasound in detection of lesion at 1MTP in gout

N = 15

Male NR

Mean age NR

Mean disease duration NR

Diagnosis: not reported

Imaging features of the 1MTP in gout

Ottaviani [52]

France

Longitudinal cohort

Ultrasonography showing disappearance of MSU crystals following urate lowering therapy

N = 16

Male 100 %

Mean age 61 years

Mean disease duration 7 years

Diagnosis: MSU crystal proven

Imaging features of the 1MTP in gout

Pascual [46]

Spain

Cross-sectional

MSU crystal presence in aspirated 1MTP joint fluid

N = 101

Male 98 %

Mean age 56 years

Mean disease duration 5 years

Diagnosis: ACR criteria (incl. 77 % crystal proven)

Microscopy in 1MTP gout

Pascual [69]

Spain

Longitudinal cohort

Disappearance of MSU crystals following urate lowering therapy

N = 18

Male 100 %

Mean age 56 years

Mean disease duration 10 years

Diagnosis: MSU crystal proven

Microscopy in 1MTP gout

Pelaez-Ballestas [9]*

Mexico

Cross-sectional

Identifying criteria for diagnosis of chronic gout

N = 549

Male 96 %

Mean age 50 years

Mean disease duration 12 years

Diagnosis: MSU crystal proven

Epidemiology of 1MTP gout

Radak-Perovic [22]

Serbia

Case-control

Comparison of ultrasound and x-ray for detection of 1MTP erosions

N = 30

Male NR

Mean age NR

Mean disease duration NR

Diagnosis: ACR criteria (% crystal proven not reported)

Imaging features of the 1MTP in gout

Roddy [24]

UK

Case-control

Concomitant gout and osteoarthritis

N = 164

Male 81 %

Mean age 63 years

Mean disease duration 10 years

Diagnosis: 91 % met ACR criteria (% crystal proven not reported)

Epidemiology of 1MTP gout; Functional characteristics of 1MTP gout

Roddy [51]

UK

Cross-sectional

Ultrasound characteristics of gout

N = 40

Male 78 %

Mean age 65 years

Mean disease duration 13 years

Diagnosis: ACR criteria (incl. 53 % crystal proven)

Imaging features of the 1MTP in gout

Roddy [18]

UK

Cross-sectional

Prevalence of hallux valgus, foot pain and disability in gout

N = 1184

Male 78 %

Mean age 66 years

Mean disease duration 12 years

Diagnosis: “Patients who had consulted their GP about gout or been prescribed allopurinol or colchicine within the preceding 2 years”

Clinical characteristics of 1MTP gout; Structural characteristics of 1MTP gout

Roddy [23]

UK

Case-Control

Nodal osteoarthritis and the risk of developing gout

N = 164

Male 81 %

Mean age 63 years

Mean disease duration 10 years

Diagnosis: 91 % met ACR criteria (% crystal proven not reported)

Clinical characteristics of 1MTP gout; Structural characteristics of 1MTP gout

Rome [45]

New Zealand

Case-control

Functional and biomechanical characteristics of gait in people with gout

N =25

Male 75 %

Mean age 61 years

Mean disease duration 22 years

Diagnosis: ACR criteria (incl. 44 % crystal proven)

Functional characteristics of 1MTP gout

Rouault [39]*

USA

Case-control

1MTP aspiration as a diagnostic tool for gout

N = 23

Male NR

Mean age NR

Mean disease duration NR

Diagnosis: MSU crystal proven

Epidemiology of 1MTP gout; Microscopy in 1MTP gout

Sivera [47]

Spain

Cross-sectional

Feasibility of 1MTP aspiration for gout diagnosis

N = 22

Male 82 %

Mean age 61 years

Mean disease duration NR

Diagnosis: MSU crystal proven

Microscopy in 1MTP gout

Sun [53]

China

Cross-sectional

DECT imaging features of gout

N = 80

Male 94 %

Mean age 52 years

Mean disease duration 5 years

Diagnosis: ACR criteria (% crystal proven not reported)

Imaging features of the 1MTP in gout

Taylor [33]*

Multinational, multicentre

Cross-sectional

Clinical, laboratory, imaging findings in gout

N = 509

Male 86 %

Mean age 60 years

Median disease duration 6 years

Diagnosis: MSU crystal proven

Epidemiology of 1MTP gout; Clinical characteristics of 1MTP gout

Thiele [56]

USA

Case-control

Sonographic features of gout

N = 16

Male 81 %

Mean age 64 years

Mean disease duration NR

Diagnosis: MSU crystal proven

Imaging features of the 1MTP in gout

Thiele [57]

USA

Retrospective

Detection of erosions with ultrasound and conventional radiography in chronic gout

N = 42

Male NR

Mean age NR

Mean disease duration NR

Diagnosis: MSU crystal proven

Imaging features of the 1MTP in gout

Vreju [19]

Romania

Longitudinal cohort

Importance of ultrasound in gout diagnosis

N = 23

Male 53 %

Mean age 53 years

Disease duration < 1 year

Diagnosis: not reported

Imaging features of the 1MTP in gout

Wang [26]

Taiwan

Randomised controlled trial

Comparison of arthroscopic removal of 1MTP MSU crystals with medical treatment alone

N = 28

Male 100 %

Mean age 28 years

Mean disease duration 2 years

Diagnosis: not reported

Clinical characteristics of 1MTP gout; Functional characteristics of 1MTP gout

Wallace [7]*

USA

Cross-sectional

Development of a criteria for the classification of arthritis due to primary gout

N = 178

Male 86 %

Mean age 56 years

Mean disease duration 10 years

Diagnosis: 88 % met ACR criteria (incl. 43 % crystal proven)

Epidemiology of 1MTP gout

Weinberger [48]

USA

Case-control

MSU crystals in aspirated 1MTP joint fluid

N = 9

Male 100 %

Mean age 54 years

Mean disease duration 2 years

Diagnosis: MSU crystal proven

Microscopy in 1MTP gout

Wright [42]

Ireland

Case-control

Comparison of ultrasound and x-ray for detection of erosions in gout

N = 39

Male 100 %

Mean age 52 years

Mean disease duration 12 years

Diagnosis: ACR criteria (incl. 28 % crystal proven)

Imaging features of the 1MTP in gout

Zleik [20]

USA

Longitudinal cohort

Risk & predictors additional flares in newly diagnosed gout

N = 158

Male 73 %

Mean age 59 years

Mean disease duration Newly diagnosed

Diagnosis: via the New York, Rome or ACR criteria (% crystal proven not reported)

Epidemiology of 1MTP gout

  1. *Papers included in meta-analysis; NR = Not Reported