Low vitamin D and the risk of developing chronic widespread pain: results from the European male ageing study

Table 4 The association between baseline 25 (OH) D and 1,25 (OH) ₂D and the new occurrence of chronic widespread pain

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
25 (OH) D–quintiles
1: ≥36.3 ng/mL	Referent	Referent	Referent	Referent
2: 26.7–36.2 ng/mL	1.41 (0.76–2.59)	1.24 (0.66–2.32)	1.23 (0.64–2.33)	1.07 (0.55–2.08)
3: 20.7–26.6 ng/mL	1.43 (0.77–2.65)	1.29 (0.68–2.43)	1.30 (0.68–2.48)	1.18 (0.60–2.30)
4: 15.6–20.6 ng/mL	1.29 (0.68–2.42)	1.17 (0.61–2.23)	1.19 (0.61–2.30)	1.18 (0.60–2.31
5: <15.6 ng/mL	2.32 (1.27–4.23)*	2.03 (1.10–3.75)*	1.93 (1.03–3.62)*	1.60 (0.83–3.09)
1,25 (OH) ₂ D–quintiles
1: ≥72.5 pg/ml	Referent	Referent	Referent	Referent
2: 62.2–72.5 pg/mL	1.15 (0.60–2.21)	1.05 (0.54–2.04)	0.99 (0.50–1.96)	0.94 (0.46–1.90)
3: 55.2–62.0 pg/mL	1.23 (0.65–2.34)	1.12 (0.58–2.17)	1.12 (0.57–2.20)	1.07 (0.52–2.17)
4: 45.4–55.0 pg/mL	1.37 (0.70–2.65)	1.41 (0.72–2.77)	1.42 (0.71–2.83)	1.33 (0.65–2.73)
5: <45.4 pg/mL	1.79 (0.94–3.42)	1.70 (0.87–3.31)	1.55 (0.78–3.08)	1.52 (0.74–3.11)

Results determined using logistic regression with those in the highest quintile serving as the referent group. Results are expressed as odds ratio (95 % confidence intervals) * p < 0.05. 25 (OH) D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3; 1,25 (OH) ₂D, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. Model 1, adjusted for age and centre; Model 2, adjusted for age, centre and physical performance (sit to stand time and time to walk 50 feet); Model 3, adjusted for age, centre, physical performance and comorbidities; Model 4, adjusted for age, centre, physical performance, comorbidities, body mass index and depression (the presence of depression was determined using Beck Depression Inventory with scores ≥10 indicating depression)

ISSN: 1471-2474