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Table 2 Gait Deviation Index, kinematics, joint kinetics, and time and distance parameters in groups

From: Gait dynamics in the wide spectrum of children with arthrogryposis: a descriptive study

 

AMC 1

AMC 2

AMC 3

Control group

P-value

 

(n = 5)

(n = 10)

(n = 11)

(n = 37)

Kruskal-Wallis

Gait Deviation Index

51.0 [48.4, 59.5] A2, A3, C

76.7 [62.0, 83.1] A1, C

77.7 [70.1, 86.5] A1, C

98.5 [95.1, 106.0] A1, A2, A3

<0.001

Kinematics (°)

     

Trunk

     

Tilt ant (average) a)

1.6 [-1.9, 2.4]

0.4 [-1.7, 3.5]

−1.4 [-5.7, 1.3]

−0.8 [-4.9, 1.9]

0.372

Lateral sway (range)

16.4 [13.4, 26.0] A3, C

10.6 [6.6, 16.9] A3, C

4.8 [3.7, 7.5] A1, A2

4.3 [3.3, 5.3] A1, A2

<0.001

Rotation (range)

20.6 [17.7, 27.9] A3, C

13.9 [8.5, 22.5] A3, C

6.3 [5.2, 10.8] A1, A2

6.8 [5.2, 8.2] A1, A2

<0.001

Pelvis

     

Tilt ant (average)

25.0 [21.8, 28.9] A2, C

15.8 [11.9, 21.8] A1, C

18.5 [14.0, 23.3] C

10.0 [7.0, 14.3] A1, A2, A3

<0.001

Elevation (range)

14.2 [9.5, 22.5] C

11.5 [7.9, 17.1] A3

7.6 [6.6, 9.0] A2

10.0 [7.0, 11.8] A1

0.030

Rotation (range)

31.9 [24.1, 39.3] A2, A3, C

17.4 [10.0, 23.4] A1

15.5 [13.9, 18.6] A1

15.1 [8.8, 19.6] A1

0.008

Hip

     

Extension (max)

−3.7 [-20.9, 0.4] C

2.0 [-4.5, 14.7] C

−7.6 [-9.5, 7.1] C

12.5 [6.9, 16.7] A1, A2, A3

<0.001

Flexion (max in swing)

55.0 [49.5, 59.2] A2, A3, C

43.5 [36.5, 49.6] A1, C

47.1 [36.9, 49.8] A1, C

33.5 [29.9, 38.7] A1, A2, A3

<0.001

Abduction (max)

17.8 [16.3, 26.2] A2, A3, C

7.5 [5.8, 12.6] A1

8.0 [5.6, 13.5] A1

7.8 [5.4, 9.4] A1

0.004

Knee

     

Flexion (initial contact) b)

17.3 [9.1, 23.9] A3, C

2.8 [-4.3, 15.1]

3.8 [-1.7, 12.1] A1

4.1 [2.2, 6.9] A1

0.038

Flexion (min in midstance) b)

15.9 [6.3, 24.0] C

−2.0 [-8.2, 14.1]

6.8 [1.1, 17.6] C

1.0 [-3.6, 5.6] A1, A3

0.006

Flexion (max in swing)

17.9 [10.7, 25.3] A2, A3, C

59.8 [41.2, 64.7] A1

61.4 [58.6, 62.1] A1

58.3 [54.7, 62.6] A1

0.004

Ankle

     

Dorsiflexion (max)

11.3 [9.7, 12.8] A3

13.9 [8.1, 19.1]

19.0 [15.7, 23.0] A1, C

13.2 [9.2, 15.9] A3

0.002

Plantarflexion (max) c)

−4.6 [-6.7, -1.6] A2, A3, C

2.0 [-0.7, 7.3] A1, C

4.3 [-0.1, 11.1] A1, C

16.6 [12.7, 20.2] A1, A2, A3

<0.001

External foot progression (average) d)

25.2 [-3.1, 31.1]

0.7 [- 4.8, 8.6]

0.8 [-3.7, 9.3]

2.7 [0.0, 7.5]

0.163

Joint Moments (Nm/kg)

     

Hip

     

Flexion (max)

0.367 [0.236, 0.579] A2, A3, C

0.899 [0.684, 1.204] A1

0.954 [0.702, 1.009] A1

0.930 [0.780, 1.160] A1

0.006

Abduction (average stance)

0.176 [-0.054, 0.282]

0.224 [0.056, 0.372]

0.257 [0.203, 0.325]

0.301 [0.264, 0.393]

0.058

Knee

     

Extension (max)

0.550 [0.351, 0.682]

0.529 [0.395, 0.795]

0.543 [0.471, 0.816]

0.565 [0.453, 0.713]

0.955

Flexion (max in mid-stance)

0.222 [0.064, 0.532]

0.235 [0.061, 0.412]

0.064 [-0.023, 0.226] C

0.300 [0.175, 0.408] A3

0.035

Valgus (average stance)

0.247 [-0.043, 0.262]

0.071 [0.020, 0.205]

0.143 [0.106, 0.184]

0.163 [0.108, 0.213]

0.196

Ankle

     

Dorsiflexion (max)

0.437 [0.129, 0.494]

0.298 [0.218, 0.447] C

0.259 [0.180, 0.328]

0.200 [0.180, 0.252] A2

0.031

Plantarflexion (max)

1.127 [0.794, 1.250] C

1.112 [0.782, 1.275] C

1.260 [1.033, 1.558]

1.320 [1.195, 1.440] A1, A2

0.015

Work (J/kg)

     

Hip

     

Positive work

0.185 [0.127, 0.375]

0.284 [0.183, 0.397] C

0.218 [0.181, 0.348] C

0.170 [0.110, 0.210] A2, A3

0.008

Negative work

0.082 [0.041, 0.162]

0.171 [0.098, 0.191]

0.148 [0.049, 0.176]

0.130 [0.073, 0.180]

0.403

Knee

     

Positive work

0.022 [0.013, 0.049] A2, A3, C

0.103 [0.049, 0.203] A1

0.089 [0.058, 0.157] A1

0.100 [0.060, 0.118] A1

0.014

Negative work

0.035 [0.021, 0.074] A2, A3, C

0.283 [0.214, 0.344] A1

0.276 [0.199, 0.339] A1

0.240 [0.150, 0.300] A1

0.001

Ankle

     

Positive work

0.044 [0.023, 0.058] A2, A3, C

0.114 [0.085, 0.138] A1, A3, C

0.247 [0.199, 0.320] A1, A2

0.245 [0.163, 0.290] A1, A2

<0.001

Negative work

0.058 [0.024, 0.081] A2, A3

0.108 [0.075, 0.141] A1, A3

0.178 [0.117, 0.198] A1, A2, C

0.080 [0.053, 0.110] A3

<0.001

Time and distance

     

N step length

0.72 [0.64, 0.91]

0.86 [0.77, 0.92]

0.80 [0.71, 0.85]

0.81 [0.75, 0.86]

0.186

N stride length

1.43 [1.31, 1.75]

1.71 [1.58, 1.92]

1.61 [1.47, 1.72]

1.64 [1.51, 1.72]

0.089

N cadence

0.41 [0.35, 0.49] A2, A3, C

0.56 [0.54, 0.59] A1

0.57 [0.55, 0.60] A1

0.59 [0.56, 0.64] A1

0.004

N walking speed

0.291 [0.239, 0.434]

0.498 [0.446, 0.523]

0.465 [0.408, 0.490]

0.500 [0.445, 0.525]

0.060

  1. Median [interquartile range] of Gait Deviation Index, trunk and pelvis kinematics, and lower limb joint angles, moments and work, and non-dimensionalized step length, stride length, cadence, and walking speed in AMC1, AMC2, AMC3 and in the control group. The text following the interquartile range indicates statistically significant difference from A1: AMC1, A2: AMC2, A3: AMC3 and C: the Control group according to post-hoc analysis with a Mann–Whitney U test
  2. a) - = posterior, b) - = extension, c) - = dorsiflexion, d) - = internal