From: Gait dynamics in the wide spectrum of children with arthrogryposis: a descriptive study
AMC 1 | AMC 2 | AMC 3 | Control group | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 5) | (n = 10) | (n = 11) | (n = 37) | Kruskal-Wallis | |
Gait Deviation Index | 51.0 [48.4, 59.5] A2, A3, C | 76.7 [62.0, 83.1] A1, C | 77.7 [70.1, 86.5] A1, C | 98.5 [95.1, 106.0] A1, A2, A3 | <0.001 |
Kinematics (°) | |||||
Trunk | |||||
Tilt ant (average) a) | 1.6 [-1.9, 2.4] | 0.4 [-1.7, 3.5] | −1.4 [-5.7, 1.3] | −0.8 [-4.9, 1.9] | 0.372 |
Lateral sway (range) | 16.4 [13.4, 26.0] A3, C | 10.6 [6.6, 16.9] A3, C | 4.8 [3.7, 7.5] A1, A2 | 4.3 [3.3, 5.3] A1, A2 | <0.001 |
Rotation (range) | 20.6 [17.7, 27.9] A3, C | 13.9 [8.5, 22.5] A3, C | 6.3 [5.2, 10.8] A1, A2 | 6.8 [5.2, 8.2] A1, A2 | <0.001 |
Pelvis | |||||
Tilt ant (average) | 25.0 [21.8, 28.9] A2, C | 15.8 [11.9, 21.8] A1, C | 18.5 [14.0, 23.3] C | 10.0 [7.0, 14.3] A1, A2, A3 | <0.001 |
Elevation (range) | 14.2 [9.5, 22.5] C | 11.5 [7.9, 17.1] A3 | 7.6 [6.6, 9.0] A2 | 10.0 [7.0, 11.8] A1 | 0.030 |
Rotation (range) | 31.9 [24.1, 39.3] A2, A3, C | 17.4 [10.0, 23.4] A1 | 15.5 [13.9, 18.6] A1 | 15.1 [8.8, 19.6] A1 | 0.008 |
Hip | |||||
Extension (max) | −3.7 [-20.9, 0.4] C | 2.0 [-4.5, 14.7] C | −7.6 [-9.5, 7.1] C | 12.5 [6.9, 16.7] A1, A2, A3 | <0.001 |
Flexion (max in swing) | 55.0 [49.5, 59.2] A2, A3, C | 43.5 [36.5, 49.6] A1, C | 47.1 [36.9, 49.8] A1, C | 33.5 [29.9, 38.7] A1, A2, A3 | <0.001 |
Abduction (max) | 17.8 [16.3, 26.2] A2, A3, C | 7.5 [5.8, 12.6] A1 | 8.0 [5.6, 13.5] A1 | 7.8 [5.4, 9.4] A1 | 0.004 |
Knee | |||||
Flexion (initial contact) b) | 17.3 [9.1, 23.9] A3, C | 2.8 [-4.3, 15.1] | 3.8 [-1.7, 12.1] A1 | 4.1 [2.2, 6.9] A1 | 0.038 |
Flexion (min in midstance) b) | 15.9 [6.3, 24.0] C | −2.0 [-8.2, 14.1] | 6.8 [1.1, 17.6] C | 1.0 [-3.6, 5.6] A1, A3 | 0.006 |
Flexion (max in swing) | 17.9 [10.7, 25.3] A2, A3, C | 59.8 [41.2, 64.7] A1 | 61.4 [58.6, 62.1] A1 | 58.3 [54.7, 62.6] A1 | 0.004 |
Ankle | |||||
Dorsiflexion (max) | 11.3 [9.7, 12.8] A3 | 13.9 [8.1, 19.1] | 19.0 [15.7, 23.0] A1, C | 13.2 [9.2, 15.9] A3 | 0.002 |
Plantarflexion (max) c) | −4.6 [-6.7, -1.6] A2, A3, C | 2.0 [-0.7, 7.3] A1, C | 4.3 [-0.1, 11.1] A1, C | 16.6 [12.7, 20.2] A1, A2, A3 | <0.001 |
External foot progression (average) d) | 25.2 [-3.1, 31.1] | 0.7 [- 4.8, 8.6] | 0.8 [-3.7, 9.3] | 2.7 [0.0, 7.5] | 0.163 |
Joint Moments (Nm/kg) | |||||
Hip | |||||
Flexion (max) | 0.367 [0.236, 0.579] A2, A3, C | 0.899 [0.684, 1.204] A1 | 0.954 [0.702, 1.009] A1 | 0.930 [0.780, 1.160] A1 | 0.006 |
Abduction (average stance) | 0.176 [-0.054, 0.282] | 0.224 [0.056, 0.372] | 0.257 [0.203, 0.325] | 0.301 [0.264, 0.393] | 0.058 |
Knee | |||||
Extension (max) | 0.550 [0.351, 0.682] | 0.529 [0.395, 0.795] | 0.543 [0.471, 0.816] | 0.565 [0.453, 0.713] | 0.955 |
Flexion (max in mid-stance) | 0.222 [0.064, 0.532] | 0.235 [0.061, 0.412] | 0.064 [-0.023, 0.226] C | 0.300 [0.175, 0.408] A3 | 0.035 |
Valgus (average stance) | 0.247 [-0.043, 0.262] | 0.071 [0.020, 0.205] | 0.143 [0.106, 0.184] | 0.163 [0.108, 0.213] | 0.196 |
Ankle | |||||
Dorsiflexion (max) | 0.437 [0.129, 0.494] | 0.298 [0.218, 0.447] C | 0.259 [0.180, 0.328] | 0.200 [0.180, 0.252] A2 | 0.031 |
Plantarflexion (max) | 1.127 [0.794, 1.250] C | 1.112 [0.782, 1.275] C | 1.260 [1.033, 1.558] | 1.320 [1.195, 1.440] A1, A2 | 0.015 |
Work (J/kg) | |||||
Hip | |||||
Positive work | 0.185 [0.127, 0.375] | 0.284 [0.183, 0.397] C | 0.218 [0.181, 0.348] C | 0.170 [0.110, 0.210] A2, A3 | 0.008 |
Negative work | 0.082 [0.041, 0.162] | 0.171 [0.098, 0.191] | 0.148 [0.049, 0.176] | 0.130 [0.073, 0.180] | 0.403 |
Knee | |||||
Positive work | 0.022 [0.013, 0.049] A2, A3, C | 0.103 [0.049, 0.203] A1 | 0.089 [0.058, 0.157] A1 | 0.100 [0.060, 0.118] A1 | 0.014 |
Negative work | 0.035 [0.021, 0.074] A2, A3, C | 0.283 [0.214, 0.344] A1 | 0.276 [0.199, 0.339] A1 | 0.240 [0.150, 0.300] A1 | 0.001 |
Ankle | |||||
Positive work | 0.044 [0.023, 0.058] A2, A3, C | 0.114 [0.085, 0.138] A1, A3, C | 0.247 [0.199, 0.320] A1, A2 | 0.245 [0.163, 0.290] A1, A2 | <0.001 |
Negative work | 0.058 [0.024, 0.081] A2, A3 | 0.108 [0.075, 0.141] A1, A3 | 0.178 [0.117, 0.198] A1, A2, C | 0.080 [0.053, 0.110] A3 | <0.001 |
Time and distance | |||||
N step length | 0.72 [0.64, 0.91] | 0.86 [0.77, 0.92] | 0.80 [0.71, 0.85] | 0.81 [0.75, 0.86] | 0.186 |
N stride length | 1.43 [1.31, 1.75] | 1.71 [1.58, 1.92] | 1.61 [1.47, 1.72] | 1.64 [1.51, 1.72] | 0.089 |
N cadence | 0.41 [0.35, 0.49] A2, A3, C | 0.56 [0.54, 0.59] A1 | 0.57 [0.55, 0.60] A1 | 0.59 [0.56, 0.64] A1 | 0.004 |
N walking speed | 0.291 [0.239, 0.434] | 0.498 [0.446, 0.523] | 0.465 [0.408, 0.490] | 0.500 [0.445, 0.525] | 0.060 |