Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants

Age (years)

65.5 ± 7.1

63.9 ± 7.1

Height (cm)

164.6 ± 6.3

164.4 ± 5.2

Weight (kg)

65.4 ± 10.6

66.2 ± 8.3

Body mass index (kg/cm²)

24.2 ± 4.1

24.3 ± 2.8

Body fat (kg)

23.4 ± 6.6

23.7 ± 6.6

Body fat (%)

36.4 ± 5.6

36.6 ± 6.1

Lean mass (kg)

39.7 ± 4.7

40.1 ± 3.9

Age of menarche (years)

13.3 ± 1.5

13.1 ± 1.7

Age of menopause (years)

48.7 ± 4.6

50.3 ± 4.1

Time since menopause (years)

16.7 ± 8.7

13.6 ± 8.3

Current use of bisphosphonate, n (%)

9 (21.4)

14 (36.8)

Current use of calcium, n (%)

2 (4.8)

2 (5.3)

Time since fracture by inclusion (years)

1.6 ± 0.9

1.5 ± 0.8

Past history of fracture (years)^a

2 (1–3)

2 (0–3)

Family history of osteoporosis, n (%)

28 (66.7)

28 (73.7)

Current smoker, n (%)

4 (4.9)

5 (13.2)

Previous smoker, n (%)

13 (31)

12 (31.6)

Current alcohol use (4–7 units/week), n (%)

8 (19)

5 (13.2)

 Higher degree >3 (years)

14 (33.3)

14 (36.8)

 Lower degree <3 (years)

28 (66.7)

24 (63.2)

PASE (0–315)^b

103.1 ± 56.7

114.6 ± 58.7