Table 3 Mean maximal change in knee joint kinematics from start position for both step-up conditions, including internal rotation, knee abduction, medial shift, joint distraction, anterior tibial translation and ACL length (mean ± SD)
| Â | Internal rotation (degrees) | Knee abduction (degrees) | Medial translation (mm) | Joint distraction (mm) | Anterior tibial translation (mm) | Change in ACL length (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low level co-activation step-up | -11.54 ± 3.16 | 15.73 ± 2.25 | 9.78 ± 4.00 | -20.55 ± 2.57 | 2.67 ± 1.48 | 15.73 ± 2.25 |
95 % confident interval | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Upper limit | -7.61 | 18.52 | 14.75 | -17.36 | 4.50 | 18.52 |
 Lower limit | -15.47 | 12.94 | 4.82 | -23.74 | 0.83 | 12.94 |
Step-up with deliberate co-activation | -10.94 ± 4.26 | 13.92 ± 1.94 | 7.78 ± 3.60 | -20.42 ± 2.51 | 1.22 ± 0.59 | 13.92 ± 1.94 |
95 % confidence interval | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Upper Limit | -5.68 | 16.33 | 12.25 | -17.31 | 1.95 | 16.33 |
 Lower Limit | -16.27 | 11.52 | 3.31 | -23.54 | 0.50 | 11.52 |