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Sample A (primary care, Chiropractic)
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Inclusion
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Low back pain 18–65 years of age.
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Exclusion
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Verified pregnancy. Serious spinal pathology.
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Sample B (primary care, sick listed with risk of chronicity)
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Inclusion
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Subjects who were considered at high risk of developing chronic disabling low back pain and/or neck pain and long term sick leave using an extensive risk assessment tool.
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- Ongoing sick-listing ≥ 2 months due to low back pain and/or neck pain and no rehabilitation during this sick-listing period.
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Alternatively
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- Recurrent pain and pain at time of examination and sick-listed due to low back pain and/or neck pain ≥ 1 time during the previous year or currently sick-listed due to low back pain and/or neck pain < 2 months.
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Exclusion
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Serious spinal pathology.
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Sample C (secondary care, multimodal single-center)
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Inclusion
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LBP and/or NP.
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Cumulative sick-listing for a total of one month to six months during past year (due to low back pain and/or neck pain).
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Fluency in Swedish.
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Exclusion
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Previous rehabilitation at the clinic.
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Verified pregnancy.
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Serious spinal pathology.
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Sample D (secondary care, multimodal multi-center)
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Inclusion
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Nonspecific spinal pain.
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Current and continuous sick-listing for at least one month and a maximum of six months before inclusion (due to low back pain and/or neck pain).
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Fluency in Swedish.
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Exclusion
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Exposure to physical trauma 6 prior to examination.
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Objective neurological signs indicating need for surgery.
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Co-morbidities (e.g. alcohol abuse, acute psychosis)
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Ongoing rehabilitation.
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Verified pregnancy.
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Serious spinal pathology.
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