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Table 1 Eligibility criteria

From: Psychological and behavioral differences between low back pain populations: a comparative analysis of chiropractic, primary and secondary care patients

Sample

Eligibility criteria

Sample A (primary care, Chiropractic)

Inclusion

Low back pain 18–65 years of age.

Exclusion

Verified pregnancy. Serious spinal pathology.

Sample B (primary care, sick listed with risk of chronicity)

Inclusion

Subjects who were considered at high risk of developing chronic disabling low back pain and/or neck pain and long term sick leave using an extensive risk assessment tool.

    -         Ongoing sick-listing ≥ 2 months due to low back pain and/or neck pain and no rehabilitation during this sick-listing period.

              Alternatively

    -         Recurrent pain and pain at time of examination and sick-listed due to low back pain and/or neck pain ≥ 1 time during the previous year or currently sick-listed due to low back pain and/or neck pain < 2 months.

Exclusion

Serious spinal pathology.

Sample C (secondary care, multimodal single-center)

Inclusion

LBP and/or NP.

Cumulative sick-listing for a total of one month to six months during past year (due to low back pain and/or neck pain).

Fluency in Swedish.

Exclusion

Previous rehabilitation at the clinic.

Verified pregnancy.

Serious spinal pathology.

Sample D (secondary care, multimodal multi-center)

Inclusion

Nonspecific spinal pain.

Current and continuous sick-listing for at least one month and a maximum of six months before inclusion (due to low back pain and/or neck pain).

Fluency in Swedish.

Exclusion

Exposure to physical trauma 6 prior to examination.

Objective neurological signs indicating need for surgery.

Co-morbidities (e.g. alcohol abuse, acute psychosis)

Ongoing rehabilitation.

Verified pregnancy.

Serious spinal pathology.