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Table 1 Eligibility criteria
| Sample | Eligibility criteria | |
|---|---|---|
| Sample A (primary care, Chiropractic) | Inclusion | Low back pain 18–65 years of age. |
| Exclusion | Verified pregnancy. Serious spinal pathology. | |
| Sample B (primary care, sick listed with risk of chronicity) | Inclusion | Subjects who were considered at high risk of developing chronic disabling low back pain and/or neck pain and long term sick leave using an extensive risk assessment tool. |
| - Ongoing sick-listing ≥ 2 months due to low back pain and/or neck pain and no rehabilitation during this sick-listing period. | ||
| Alternatively | ||
| - Recurrent pain and pain at time of examination and sick-listed due to low back pain and/or neck pain ≥ 1 time during the previous year or currently sick-listed due to low back pain and/or neck pain < 2 months. | ||
| Exclusion | Serious spinal pathology. | |
| Sample C (secondary care, multimodal single-center) | Inclusion | LBP and/or NP. |
| Cumulative sick-listing for a total of one month to six months during past year (due to low back pain and/or neck pain). | ||
| Fluency in Swedish. | ||
| Exclusion | Previous rehabilitation at the clinic. | |
| Verified pregnancy. | ||
| Serious spinal pathology. | ||
| Sample D (secondary care, multimodal multi-center) | Inclusion | Nonspecific spinal pain. |
| Current and continuous sick-listing for at least one month and a maximum of six months before inclusion (due to low back pain and/or neck pain). | ||
| Fluency in Swedish. | ||
| Exclusion | Exposure to physical trauma 6 prior to examination. | |
| Objective neurological signs indicating need for surgery. | ||
| Co-morbidities (e.g. alcohol abuse, acute psychosis) | ||
| Ongoing rehabilitation. | ||
| Verified pregnancy. | ||
| Serious spinal pathology. | ||
