Table 3 Adjusted risk of perioperative stroke after elective spinal surgery

 ≤49

Reference

 50–59

1.61

0.87–2.97

 60–69

2.27

1.31–3.94

 70–79

3.41

1.91–6.07

 ≥80

5.66

3.10–10.34

 Male

Reference

 Female

0.98

0.78–1.23

 Resection of a spinal cord tumor

Reference

 Discectomy

0.29

0.14–0.58

 Decompression surgery

0.44

0.26–0.73

 Arthrodesis surgery

0.55

0.34–0.90

Cervical spinal surgery

1.44

1.09–1.90

History of cardiac disease

1.58

1.10–2.26

Diabetes

1.73

1.36–2.20

Hyper tension

1.53

1.18–1.98

Hemodialysis

1.51

0.88–2.59

Blood transfusion

1.23

0.83–1.82

Teaching institution

1.36

1.01–1.82

Length of stay (days)

1.01

1.01–1.01