Table 3 Main results of the included systematic reviews and meta-analyses stratified by the exposure factors
Author, year, ↓quality | Vibration (95 % CI) | Repetition (95 % CI) | Force (95 % CI) | Combined exposure (repetition and force) (95 % CI) | Wrist posture (95 % CI) | Computer exposure (95 % CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barcenilla et al. 2012 [41] Grade B | NIOSH CTS def.: OR 2.7 (1.9–3.9); n = 12 studies Conservative CTS def.a: OR 5.4 (3.1–9.3); n = 3/3 (100 %) studiesd | NIOSH CTS def.: OR 2.3 (1.8–3.0); n = 25 studies Conservative CTS def.a: OR 2.3 (1.7–2.9); n = 5/11 (45 %) studiesd | NIOSH CTS def.: OR 2.2 (1.5–3.3); n = 13 studies Conservative CTS def.a: OR 4.2 (1.5–11.7); n = 3/5 (60 %) studiesd | NIOSH CTS def.: OR 2.0 (1.4–2.9); n = 4/9 (44 %) studiesd Conservative CTS def.a: OR 1.9 (1.0–3.5); n = 5 studies | NIOSH CTS def.: OR 2.7 (1.3–5.5); n = 7 studies Conservative CTS def.a: OR 4.7 (0.4–53.3); n = 1/3 (33 %) studiesd | / |
Mediouni et al. 2014 [42] Grade B | / | / | / | / | / | Computer use: OR 1.7 (0.8-3.6); n = 5 studies; Keyboard/mouse use: OR 1.1 (0.6–2.0); OR 1.9 (0.9–4.2) |
Van Rijn et al. 2009 [35] Grade B | OR 2.5–4.8; n = 3/5 (60 %) studiesd | OR 0.5–9.4; n = 5/8 (62 %) studiesd | OR 2.1–9.0; n = 3/7 (43 %) studiesd | OR 3.2–8.4; n = 3/4 (80 %) studiesd | OR 1.3–8.7; n = 4/5 (80 %) studiesd | OR 2.1–4.4; n = 2/7 (29 %) studiesd |
You et al. 2014 [43] Grade C | / | / | / | / | Non-neutral wrist postures: RR 2.0 (1.7–2.4); n = 4/8 (50 %) studiesd | / |
Spahn et al. 2012 [31] Grade C | OR 2.6 (1.7–4.0); n = 6/9 (67 %) studiesd | OR 2.7 (1.8–3.9); n = 11/13 (85 %) studiesd OR 2.1 (0.4–11.8); n = 3 cohort studies | OR 4.4 (1.4–13.6); n = 4/4 (100 %) studiesd | OR 8.4 (7.8–8.9)b; n = 2/2 (100 %) studiesd OR 1.8 (1.4–2.2)b; n = 2/3 (67 %) cohort studiesd | Flexion: OR 1.7 (1.0–2.6); n = 2/5 (40 %) studiesd | Computer use: OR 1.8 (0.8–4.1); n = n/a studies |
Sulsky et al. 2005 [44]c Grade C | Insufficient evidence; n = 1 study | Consistent small positive association; n = 6 studies | Weak positive association of questionable validity; n = 3 studies | / | Insufficient evidence; n = 1 study | Insufficient evidence; n = 2 studies |
Thomsen et al. 2008 [45] Grade C | / | / | / | / | / | Inconsistent evidence: OR < 1; n = 1 studies; OR > 1; n = 3 studies and n = 4 studies with no effect calculation or n.s. |
Palmer et al. 2007 [22] Grade C | ≥2 OR elevated risk (e.g., exposure ≥8 years); n = 7 studies | ≥2 OR elevated risk (e.g., exposure <10 s. cycle time); n = 5 studies | Elevated risk for high-force jobs and activities (e.g., exposure >4 kg); n = n/a studies | Elevated risk for jobs with combined exposure; n = 1 study | ≥2 OR elevated risk (e.g., exposure >17 or 20 h/week); n = 4 studies | Inconsistent results; n = 4 studies |
Abbas et al. 1998 [21] Grade D | / | Significant predictor | Significant predictor | / | / | / |
Lozano-Calderón et al. 2008 [46] Grade D | Ø OR 5.5; qBHs 6.3/21 points (range 5–8); n = 14/20 (70 %) studiesd | Ø OR 4.0; qBHs 6.5/21 points (range 5–10); n = 30/45 (67 %) studiesd | Ø OR n/a; qBHs 4.5/21 points (range 3–6); n = 15/31 (48 %) studiesd | / | Flexion: Ø OR n/a; qBHs 5.4/21 points (range 4–8); n = 7/17 (41 %) studiesd Extension: Ø OR n/a; qBHs 3.6/21 points (range 3–4); n = 3/7 (43 %) studiesd | / |