Table 1 Pretreatment characteristics and univariate pain prediction modelsa
Baseline Mean (SD) (N = 391) | Responder model significance | Future Pain Intensity model significance | |
|---|---|---|---|
Dose (per 6 spinal manipulation visits) | † | † | |
Time (in weeks | |||
Pain/Disability | |||
Pain intensity (0–100 scale) | 51.6 (17.2) | † | |
Functional disability (0–100) | 45.3 (22.7) | † | |
Pain unpleasantness (0–100) | 41.4 (21.4) | † | |
Days with pain (last 4 wk) | 24.1 ( 5.2) | † | |
Days with disability (last 4 wk) | 6.8 ( 7.6) | † | |
Duration (yr) | 11.8 ( 9.8) | ||
Sociodemographics | |||
Age (yr) | 41.3 (14.1) | ||
Female, % (n) | 50 % (196) | ||
Non-white or Hispanic, % (n) | 15 % (58) | ||
College degree, % (n) | 56 % (219) | ||
Income $40 K or less, % (n) | 57 % (222) | ||
General Health | |||
Comorbidities (#) | 0.9 ( 1.1) | † | |
Smoking, % (n) | 11 % (43) | ||
SF-12 physical health componentb | 43.3 ( 8.9) | † | |
SF-12 mental health componentb | 48.9 (10.5) | ||
EuroQol – VAS (0–100 visual analog scale) | 70.9 (15.8) | † | † |
EuroQol 5D – mobility (1–3) | 1.4 ( 0.5) | † | |
EuroQol 5D – self-care (1–3) | 1.2 ( 0.4) | † | † |
EuroQol 5D – usual activities (1–3) | 1.7 ( 0.5) | † | |
EuroQol 5D – pain (1–3) | 2.0 ( 0.2) | † | |
EuroQol 5D – anxiety/depression (1–3) | 1.4 ( 0.5) | † | |
Psychosocial | |||
FABQ Work beliefs (0–100) | 32.9 (21.8) | † | |
FABQ Activity beliefs (0–100) | 56.0 (20.3) | † | |
Confidence in treatment success (−6 - +6) | 0.2 ( 0.8) | ||
Objective Physical Exam c | |||
Lumbar ROM: flexion | 43.2 (16.3) | ||
Lumbar ROM: extension | 15.1 (10.2) | ||
Lumbar ROM: right lateral bending | 18.6 ( 9.4) | ||
Lumbar ROM: left lateral bending | 19.1 ( 8.9) | ||
LBP: Flexion (0–10) | 2.3 ( 2.4) | † | † |
LBP: Extension (0–10) | 3.0 ( 2.4) | † | |
LBP: Right lateral bending (0–10) | 2.7 ( 2.4) | † | † |
LBP: Left lateral bending (0–10) | 2.6 ( 2.3) | † | † |
LBP: sum for 4 lumbar ROM 0–10 pain scores | 10.7 ( 7.9) | † | † |
LBP: maximum of 4 lumbar ROM pain scores | 4.0 ( 2.3) | † | |
LBP: right – left lateral bending | 0.1 ( 1.9) | ||
LBP: |right – left lateral bending| | 1.2 ( 1.5) | ||
LBP: sum for right and left lateral bending pain scores | 5.3 ( 4.3) | † | † |
LBP: maximum of right and left lateral bending pain scores | 3.2 ( 2.4) | † | † |
Modified Schober Test (cm) | 5.7 ( 2.0) | ||
Lumbar hypomobility: L1, % (n) | 54 % (209) | † | |
Lumbar hypomobility: L2, % (n) | 52 % (200) | ||
Lumbar hypomobility: L3, % (n) | 49 % (189) | ||
Lumbar hypomobility: L4, % (n) | 49 % (191) | ||
Lumbar hypomobility: L5, % (n) | 64 % (248) | ||
Total hypomobile joints: L1 thru L5 | 2.7 ( 1.3) | ||
Pain Pressure Threshold: right L1-L2 | 6.1 ( 2.8) | ||
Pain Pressure Threshold: left L1-L2 | 6.2 ( 2.9) | ||
Pain Pressure Threshold: right L3-L4 | 5.9 ( 3.0) | ||
Pain Pressure Threshold: left L3-L4 | 6.0 ( 3.2) | ||
Pain Pressure Threshold: right L5-S1 | 5.8 ( 3.2) | † | |
Pain Pressure Threshold: left L5-S1 | 5.7 ( 3.3) | † | |
Pain Pressure Threshold: minimum of 6 measures | 4.5 ( 2.5) | † |