Study | Modality | Details | Quantification Technique | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bishop et al. [42]: Cadaveric study | Radiography; 2DCT; 3DCT; MRI | 7 cadavers | Observers measured bone loss using his/her usual approach (Methods not specified) | Overall agreement with gold standard (kappa score): |
Assessment: | Â | 3DCT 0.5 | ||
Serial imaging of shoulder after osteotomies of 0Â %, <12Â %, 12-25Â %, 25-40Â %; manually measured glenoid width through bare area using a digital caliper (gold standard); 12 observers measured twice | Â | CT 0.4 | ||
Outcome: | Â | MRI 0.28 | ||
Reliability | Â | Radiography 0.15 | ||
 |  | Intra-observer reliability (kappa): | ||
 |  | 3DCT 0.59 | ||
 |  | CT 0.64 | ||
 |  | MRI 0.51 | ||
 |  | Radiography 0.45 | ||
 |  | Note: 3DCT highest agreement & 2nd highest intra-observer reliability; radiography lowest agreement & reliability | ||
Bois et al. [63]: Laboratory study | 2DCT; 3DCT | Sawbones:1 model for anterior defect; 1 model for anteroinferior defect | 2DCT & 3DCT: | 2D CT methods (ICC, PE): |
Assessment: | Indicators: linear width/length (W/L) ratio; defect length; quantifiers: glenoid index (injured glenoid inferior circle diameter relative to uninjured glenoid diameter) | Defect length: 0.81, 7.68 | ||
Osteotomies made at 0, 15 %, and 30 % of inferior glenoid circle diameter; gold standard measurement (3D laser scanner of model); 6 observers measured all 7 techniques | 3DCT: | W/L ratio: 0.50, −16.34 | ||
Outcome: | Quantifiers: linear ratio (d/R; d = radius to defect, R = circle radius); Pico method (3 variations): | Glenoid index, 0.3, −4.13 | ||
Reliability, PE | (1) Original circle method | 3D CT (ICC, PE): | ||
 | (2) Based on contralateral normal glenoid circle with 3 points of reference | Defect length: 0.90, 0.29 | ||
 | (3) Based on remaining intact glenoid cortex | W/L ratio: 0.88, −2.41 | ||
 |  | Glenoid index: 0.69, 0.01 (0.85, 3.39 with other software platform) | ||
 |  | Linear ratio: 0.97, 29.9 | ||
 |  | Pico (1): 0.98, 4.93 | ||
 |  | Pico (2): 0.84, 7.32 | ||
 |  | Pico (3): 0.86, 12.14 | ||
 |  | Note: Pico method (1) based on the contralateral, intact glenoid and Glenoid Index on 3DCT were most reliable & accurate; Glenoid Index on 2DCT was deemed invalid | ||
Rerko et al. [44]: Cadaveric study | Radiography; 2DCT; 3DCT; MRI | 7 cadavers | Observers measured bone loss using his/her usual approach (Methods not specified) | Accuracy (PE): |
Assessment: |  | 3DCT −3.3 %+/−6.6 % | ||
Serial imaging of shoulder with osteotomies grouped as 0 %,<12 %, 12, 25 %, 25-40 %; gold standard defined as glenoid width using digital caliper; 2 radiologists & 2 orthopaedic surgeons measured twice |  | 2DCT −3.7 %+/−8.0 % | ||
Outcome: |  | MRI −2.75 %+/−10.6 % | ||
PE, reliability |  | Radiography −6.9 % +/− 13.1 % | ||
 |  | Intra-observer reliability (ICC): | ||
 |  | 3DCT 0.947 | ||
 |  | 2DCT 0.927 | ||
 |  | MRI 0.837 | ||
 |  | Radiography 0.726 | ||
 |  | Inter-observer reliability (ICC): | ||
 |  | 3DCT 0.87-0.93 | ||
 |  | 2DCT 0.82-0.89 | ||
 |  | MRI 0.38-0.85 | ||
 |  | Radiography 0.12-0.53 |