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Bishop et al. [42]: Cadaveric study
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Radiography; 2DCT; 3DCT; MRI
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7 cadavers
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Observers measured bone loss using his/her usual approach (Methods not specified)
|
Overall agreement with gold standard (kappa score):
|
|
Assessment:
| |
3DCT 0.5
|
|
Serial imaging of shoulder after osteotomies of 0 %, <12 %, 12-25 %, 25-40 %; manually measured glenoid width through bare area using a digital caliper (gold standard); 12 observers measured twice
| |
CT 0.4
|
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Outcome:
| |
MRI 0.28
|
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Reliability
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Radiography 0.15
|
| | |
Intra-observer reliability (kappa):
|
| | |
3DCT 0.59
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| | |
CT 0.64
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| | |
MRI 0.51
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| | |
Radiography 0.45
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| | |
Note: 3DCT highest agreement & 2nd highest intra-observer reliability; radiography lowest agreement & reliability
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|
Bois et al. [63]: Laboratory study
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2DCT; 3DCT
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Sawbones:1 model for anterior defect; 1 model for anteroinferior defect
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2DCT & 3DCT:
|
2D CT methods (ICC, PE):
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Assessment:
|
Indicators: linear width/length (W/L) ratio; defect length; quantifiers: glenoid index (injured glenoid inferior circle diameter relative to uninjured glenoid diameter)
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Defect length: 0.81, 7.68
|
|
Osteotomies made at 0, 15 %, and 30 % of inferior glenoid circle diameter; gold standard measurement (3D laser scanner of model); 6 observers measured all 7 techniques
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3DCT:
|
W/L ratio: 0.50, −16.34
|
|
Outcome:
|
Quantifiers: linear ratio (d/R; d = radius to defect, R = circle radius); Pico method (3 variations):
|
Glenoid index, 0.3, −4.13
|
|
Reliability, PE
|
(1) Original circle method
|
3D CT (ICC, PE):
|
| |
(2) Based on contralateral normal glenoid circle with 3 points of reference
|
Defect length: 0.90, 0.29
|
| |
(3) Based on remaining intact glenoid cortex
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W/L ratio: 0.88, −2.41
|
| | |
Glenoid index: 0.69, 0.01 (0.85, 3.39 with other software platform)
|
| | |
Linear ratio: 0.97, 29.9
|
| | |
Pico (1): 0.98, 4.93
|
| | |
Pico (2): 0.84, 7.32
|
| | |
Pico (3): 0.86, 12.14
|
| | |
Note: Pico method (1) based on the contralateral, intact glenoid and Glenoid Index on 3DCT were most reliable & accurate; Glenoid Index on 2DCT was deemed invalid
|
|
Rerko et al. [44]: Cadaveric study
|
Radiography; 2DCT; 3DCT; MRI
|
7 cadavers
|
Observers measured bone loss using his/her usual approach (Methods not specified)
|
Accuracy (PE):
|
|
Assessment:
| |
3DCT −3.3 %+/−6.6 %
|
|
Serial imaging of shoulder with osteotomies grouped as 0 %,<12 %, 12, 25 %, 25-40 %; gold standard defined as glenoid width using digital caliper; 2 radiologists & 2 orthopaedic surgeons measured twice
| |
2DCT −3.7 %+/−8.0 %
|
|
Outcome:
| |
MRI −2.75 %+/−10.6 %
|
|
PE, reliability
| |
Radiography −6.9 % +/− 13.1 %
|
| | |
Intra-observer reliability (ICC):
|
| | |
3DCT 0.947
|
| | |
2DCT 0.927
|
| | |
MRI 0.837
|
| | |
Radiography 0.726
|
| | |
Inter-observer reliability (ICC):
|
| | |
3DCT 0.87-0.93
|
| | |
2DCT 0.82-0.89
|
| | |
MRI 0.38-0.85
|
| | |
Radiography 0.12-0.53
|
