Table 1 Studies Assessing Glenoid Bone Loss with Radiography

Charousset et al. [47]: Retrospective case series

Radiography; 2DCT

31 patients

True AP radiography:

Loss of sclerotic line (ICC):

Assessment:

Loss of sclerotic line

Inter-observer 0.44-0.47

True AP view; 2DCT arthrogram; 3 observers measured twice

CT:

Intra-observer 0.66-0.93

Outcome:

Griffith Index (Fig. 1); best-fit circle width loss (Fig. 10)

Griffiths Index (ICC):

Reliability

Inter-observer 0.68-0.71

Intra-observer 0.78-0.90

Best-fit circle width loss (ICC):

Inter-observer 0.74

Intra-observer 0.90-0.95

Itoi et al. [18]: Cadaveric study

Radiography; 2DCT

12 cadavers

Radiography:

21 % glenoid length defect:

Assessment:

West Point & axillary views

18.6 % on West Point view 2.3 % on axillary view

45 ° angle defects created at 0, 9, 21, 34, & 46 % of glenoid length; radiography at each cut; 1 observer measured twice

CT:

50 % loss of width on CT

Outcome:

Width of the inferior ¼ of the glenoid measured in a single axial slice

Correlation, reliability

Correlation coefficients:

0.905-0.993

Coefficients of variance:

0.5-3.6 %

Jankauskas et al. [45]: Retrospective case–control study

Radiography; 2DCT

86 patients

Superoinferior length of bone defect

Detecting bone lesion:

Assessment:

Sensitivity 54-65 %

True AP radiography; 2 observers on radiography; 1 observer on CT

Specificity 100 %

Outcome:

Inter-rater reliability: kappa = 0.88

Reliability; sensitivity; specificity

Radiography vs. CT:

9 shoulders with mean 8.2 ± 3.5 mm glenoid bone loss on CT were missed on radiography

Sommaire et al. [46]: Retrospective cohort study

Radiography; 2DCT

77 patients

Radiography:

Radiographic D1/D2 ratio (p = 0.003):

Assessment:

Bernageau view of both shoulders to calculate D1/D2 ratio (Fig. 4)

4.2 % patients without recurrence

Pre-operative Bernageau radiographs & 2DCT of unilateral shoulder before arthroscopic Bankart repair; 1 observer measured once

CT:

Outcome:

Gerber‘s X index (Fig. 7)

5.1 % in patients with recurrence

CT:

Recurrence Rate (p = 0.004):

Gerber X index < 40 % =20 %

Need for revision correlated with imaging

Gerber X Index >40 % =12.7 %

Note: Reliability not assessed

Murachovsky et al. [43]: Prospective case–control study

Radiography; 3DCT

10 patients; 50 healthy subjects

Radiography:

Reliability:

Assessment:

Bernageau view (D1/D2) ratio (Fig. 4)

Intra-observer ICC 0.897-0.965

Bilateral radiography (all subjects) & CT (instability subjects); 1 radiologist measured CT; 3 orthopaedic surgeons measured 3 times each

3DCT:

Inter-observer ICC 0.76-0.81

Outcome:

Glenoid AP width measured bilaterally to calculate % bone loss

Difference between radiography & CT non-significant (2.28 %)

Reliability