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Table 1 Selection criteria of participants
| Inclusion criteria | • 18 years or older |
| • Isolated proximal humeral fracture, or proximal humeral fracture-dislocation with similar clinical presentation after reduction | |
| • Available for recruitment within one year (365 days) post-fracture | |
| • Any treatment received for proximal humeral fracture | |
| • Ability to complete English-language questionnaires and to follow simple instructions in English | |
| • Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire score 6–10 (indicates intact or mildly impaired cognitive functioning) | |
| Exclusion criteria | • Other serious medical issues from the trauma (e.g. hip fracture, wrist fracture, nerve lesion, traumatic brain injury, muscle ruptures) |
| • Potentially confounding medical conditions (e.g. hemiplegic arm, previous shoulder surgery, re-fracture, severe rheumatoid arthritis) |
