Inclusion criteria | • 18 years or older |
 | • Isolated proximal humeral fracture, or proximal humeral fracture-dislocation with similar clinical presentation after reduction |
 | • Available for recruitment within one year (365 days) post-fracture |
 | • Any treatment received for proximal humeral fracture |
 | • Ability to complete English-language questionnaires and to follow simple instructions in English |
 | • Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire score 6–10 (indicates intact or mildly impaired cognitive functioning) |
Exclusion criteria | • Other serious medical issues from the trauma (e.g. hip fracture, wrist fracture, nerve lesion, traumatic brain injury, muscle ruptures) |
 | • Potentially confounding medical conditions (e.g. hemiplegic arm, previous shoulder surgery, re-fracture, severe rheumatoid arthritis) |