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Inclusion criteria
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• 18 years or older
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• Isolated proximal humeral fracture, or proximal humeral fracture-dislocation with similar clinical presentation after reduction
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• Available for recruitment within one year (365 days) post-fracture
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• Any treatment received for proximal humeral fracture
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• Ability to complete English-language questionnaires and to follow simple instructions in English
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• Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire score 6–10 (indicates intact or mildly impaired cognitive functioning)
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Exclusion criteria
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• Other serious medical issues from the trauma (e.g. hip fracture, wrist fracture, nerve lesion, traumatic brain injury, muscle ruptures)
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• Potentially confounding medical conditions (e.g. hemiplegic arm, previous shoulder surgery, re-fracture, severe rheumatoid arthritis)
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