Inclusion criteria | • 18 years or older |
• Isolated proximal humeral fracture, or proximal humeral fracture-dislocation with similar clinical presentation after reduction | |
• Available for recruitment within one year (365 days) post-fracture | |
• Any treatment received for proximal humeral fracture | |
• Ability to complete English-language questionnaires and to follow simple instructions in English | |
• Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire score 6–10 (indicates intact or mildly impaired cognitive functioning) | |
Exclusion criteria | • Other serious medical issues from the trauma (e.g. hip fracture, wrist fracture, nerve lesion, traumatic brain injury, muscle ruptures) |
• Potentially confounding medical conditions (e.g. hemiplegic arm, previous shoulder surgery, re-fracture, severe rheumatoid arthritis) |