Table 3 Multivariable logistic regression analysis

Age (year)

0.95 (0.90–1.00)*

0.94 (0.88–0.99)*

0.98 (0.94–1.02)

0.95 (0.91–0.99)*

0.93 (0.89–0.98)*

Male gender

0.63 (0.23–1.77)

0.84 (0.37–1.95)

0.82 (0.35–1.91)

Current smoker

1.26 (0.44–3.55)

1.06 (0.45–2.48)

1.20 (0.51–2.81)

University or college education

5.90 (0.72–48.60)**

4.24 (1.23–14.63)*

5.77 (1.46–22.87)*

2.64 (0.84–8.26)**

Working full-time

2.10 (0.67–6.56)

2.61 (1.07–6.34)*

2.70 (1.02–7.18)*

1.75 (0.74–4.12)**

2.77 (1.02–7.56)*

Leg pain duration (4wk)

0.97 (0.93–1.01)**

0.95 (0.89–1.01)**

0.98 (0.93–1.03)

Straight leg raising <60°

1.03 (0.38–2.77)

0.97 (0.43–2.19)

1.41 (0.61–3.23)

Muscle weakness (yes)

0.72 (0.20–2.41)

3.32 (1.12–9.81)*

4.11 (1.24–13.61)*

1.70 (0.58–4.97)

Dermatomal sensory loss (yes)

1.22 (0.41–3.69)

1.02 (0.42–2.48)

0.79 (0.32–1.96)

Reflex impairment (yes)

0.50 (0.18–1.40)**

0.40 (0.17–0.92)*

0.39 (0.15–0.97)*

0.90 (0.93–2.07)

Body mass index (kg/m²)

0.92 (0.81–1.04)**

1.04 (0.93–1.17)

1.04 (0.92–1.17)

Concordance between nerve root impingement on MRI and clinical radiculopathy

0.63 (0.23–1.77)

1.04 (0.46–2.37)

0.93 (0.40–2.16)

Modic type I and I/II (yes)

0.35 (0.12–1.05)**

0.68 (0.30–1.56)

0.72 (0.31–1.66)

FABQW ≥34 at baseline

0.27 (0.09–0.85)*

0.16 (0.04–0.61)*

0.38 (0.13–1.07)**

0.34 (0.11–1.07)**

FABQPA ≥15 at baseline

0.38 (0.14–1.07)**

0.44 (0.19–1.03)**

0.33 (0.14–0.81)*

0.31 (0.11–0.85)*