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Table 1 Mean ± SD and median (range) of muscle onset times, normalized muscle amplitudes, kinematic amplitudes and time of peak kinematics.

From: Are cervical multifidus muscles active during whiplash and startle? An initial experimental study

 

Sled

Startle

EMG onset time (ms)

   C4 level

129 ± 60

123 ± 64

 

140 (34 – 191)

105 (58 – 222)

   C6 level

232 ± 175

182 ± 120

 

194 (66 – 571)

126 (60 – 417)

EMG amplitude (%MVC)

   C4 level

137 ± 168 a

136 ± 123 a

 

107 (12 – 532)

80 (39 – 337)

   C6 level

40 ± 25

57 ± 53 a

 

36 (9 – 77)

28 (15 – 150)

Kinematics

   Head accel (m/s2)

9.7 ± 3.3

1.9 ± 1.0

 

10.1 (5.6 – 15.2)

1.6 (0.5 – 3.5)

   Head extension (°)

15.6 ± 5.6

1.9 ± 3.1 a

 

12.6 (10.0 – 25.9)

0.5 (0.1 – 8.8)

   Retraction (mm)

18.4 ± 6.9

4.3 ± 2.4 a

 

19.4 (8.7 – 31.3)

5.2 (1.0 – 6.6)

Time to peak kinematics (ms)

   Head accel

123 ± 11

272 ± 168 a

 

122 (106 – 145)

215 (124 – 581)

   Head extension

208 ± 51 a

557 ± 200

 

190 (170 – 330)

510 (290 – 770)

   Retraction

173 ± 48

373 ± 187

 

160 (110 – 240)

330 (130 – 710)

  1. a non-normally distributed, Shapiro-Wilks p < 0.05