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Table 5 The associations between combinations of explanatory variables and the four outcome variables (odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals). (N = 408)

From: Self-reported hard physical work combined with heavy smoking or overweight may result in so-called Modic changes

Combination of Independent variables

LBPyear

LBPlong

DD

VIP

Heavy smoking and hard physical work

    

neither (n = 274)

1

1

1

1

either (n = 117)

1.3 (0.8–2.1)

1.2 (0.7–2.0)

1.4 (0.9–2.2)

2.2 (1.3–3.8)*

both (n = 17)

1.6 (0.5–5.1)

1.8 (0.6–5.1)

1.5 (0.5–4.0)

4.6 (1.6–13.0)*

Overweight and hard physical work

    

neither (n = 193)

1

1

1

1

either (n = 171)

1.3 (0.8–2.0)

0.9 (0.6–1.5)

1.6 (1.1–2.4)*

1.3 (0.7–2.3)

both (n = 42)

1.5 (0.7–3.1)

1.2 (0.6–2.6)

1.7 (0.9–3.4)

2.9 (1.4–6.3)

Overweight and heavy smoking

    

neither (n = 201)

1

1

1

1

either (n = 171)

1.3 (0.9–2.1)

1.2 (0.8–2.0)

1.5 (1.0–2.2

1.4 (0.8–2.4)

both (n = 36)

1.2 (0.5–2.6)

1.5 (0.7–3.3)

1.6 (0.8–3.3)

1.6 (0.8–3.9)

  1. LBPyear = LBP some time in the past year.
  2. LBPlong = LBP for altogether at least 30 days in the past year.
  3. DD = disc degeneration as defined in the methods section.
  4. VIP = vertebral inflammatory process as defined in the methods section.
  5. * Estimates that are statistically significantly different from "1" have been written in bold.