Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

1. Patients attending GP clinic with acute LBP

1. Chronic LBP

2. Age 18–65 years

2. Specific LBP

3. Good understanding of English (NZ) or German (CH)

3. Comorbidity determining overall well-being

4. Written consent

4. Pregnancy

5. Expected loss to follow-up

6. Unwillingness to complete questionnaires