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Table 5 Associations between beliefs about back pain and self-reported levels of low back pain intensity and disability

From: Negative beliefs about low back pain are associated with high pain intensity and high level disability in community-based women

Participant characteristics

Pain intensity

Disability

 

Univariable analysis

Multivariable analysis#

Univariable analysis

Multivariable analysis

 

Odds ratio

(95% CI)

p value

Odds ratio

(95% CI)

p value

Odds ratio

(95% CI)

p value

Odds ratio

(95% CI)

p value

Age (years)*

0.89

(0.78, 1.02)

0.1

0.67

(0.50, 0.89)

0.007

1.08

(0.91, 1.28)

0.4

0.94

(0.66, 1.34)

0.7

BMI (kg/m2)*

1.26

(1.07, 1.48)

0.005

1.22

(1.02, 1.45)

0.03

1.73

(1.43, 2.10)

<0.0001

1.61

(1.31, 1.98)

<0.0001

Smoking status

1.16

(0.67, 2.00)

0.6

0.99

(0.53, 1.87)

1.0

0.85

(0.42, 1.76)

0.7

0.99

(0.45, 2.16)

1.0

Alcohol intake

1.26

(0.81, 1.96)

0.3

1.75

(1.03, 2.97)

0.04

0.69

(0.42, 1.16)

0.2

1.10

(0.58, 2.12)

0.8

Partner status

1.28

(0.89, 1.84)

0.2

1.13

(0.74, 1.73)

0.6

1.02

(0.65, 1.61)

0.9

0.99

(0.57, 1.72)

1.0

Employment status

0.82

(0.58, 1.17)

0.3

0.62

(0.38, 1.01)

0.05

0.64

(0.41, 0.99)

0.045

0.74

(0.41, 1.35)

0.3

Menopause status^

0.91

(0.64, 1.30)

0.6

1.08

(0.53, 2.19)

0.8

1.19

(0.76, 1.85)

0.5

0.86

(0.36, 2.04)

0.7

Back pain now

20.8

(12.1, 35.7)

<0.0001

18.8

(10.3, 34.2)

<0.0001

4.78

(3.03, 7.55)

<0.0001

4.58

(2.71, 7.72)

<0.0001

Back beliefs score^

0.98

(0.96, 1.01)

0.3

1.03

(0.99, 1.07)

0.1

0.91

(0.88, 0.95)

<0.0001

0.93

(0.89, 0.97)

0.001

Menopause status

Low versus high pain intensity

 

3.24 (1.32, 7.96)

0.01

    

Back beliefs score

Low versus high pain intensity

 

0.93 (0.88, 0.99)

0.02

    
  1. BMI – Body mass index. CI – confidence intervals. * Odds ratio per 10 year difference in age and 5 kg/m2 difference in BMI. #This multivariable analysis was performed using a partial proportional odds model [15], rather than ordinary ordinal regression [14]. ^ These variables demonstrated a non-parallel relationship with pain intensity, with data representing the comparison between no pain and low intensity pain groups