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Table 1 Characteristics of cases and controls

From: Pedigree analysis and epidemiological features of idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus in the United Kingdom: a case-control study

Characteristic

Case1

Control1

   
  

n

(%)

n

(%)

p

OR2

(95% CI)

Sex of index child3

male

130

(67.0)

38

(63.3)

-

1.0

(ref)

 

female

64

(33.0)

22

(36.7)

0.60

0.47

(0.47–1.56)

Affected foot male

left

26

(25.0)

-

-

-

-

-

 

right

28

(26.9)

-

-

-

-

-

 

both

50

(48.1)

-

-

-

-

-

Affected foot female

left

6

(12.8)

-

-

-

-

-

 

right

15

(31.9)

-

-

-

-

-

 

both

26

(55.3)

-

-

-

-

-

Year of birth

1963–1979

14

(7.2)

4

(6.7)

-

  
 

1980–1989

32

(16.5)

15

(25.0)

-

  
 

1990–1994

61

(31.4)

25

(41.7)

-

  
 

1995–1999

87

(44.8)

16

(26.7)

-

  

Multiple pregnancy

yes

10

(5.1)

0

(0.0)

0.07

3.244

-

 

no

185

(94.9)

60

(100)

   

Type of delivery

Cephalic

157

(80.7)

56

(93.3)

-

1.00

(ref)

 

Breech

4

(2.1)

1

(1.7)

0.71

1.52

(0.16–14.19)

 

Caesarean

33

(17.2)

3

(5.0)

0.04

3.71

(1.09–12.62)

Birth weight

mean

3622 g

3397 g

0.105

 

-

  
 

range

1247–4564 g

1531–4508 g

-

-

-

  

Stillbirth6

 

5

(2.6)

1

(1.7)

 

1.77

(0.20–15.81)

Miscarriage6

 

50

(25.8)

15

(25.4)

 

1.04

(0.53–2.03)

Abortion6

 

33

(17.2)

9

(15)

 

1.14

(0.51–2.56)

Age of mother at birth of index child

≤19

8

(4.2)

1

(1.7)

0.25

3.56

(0.41–31.06)

 

20–24

39

(20.2)

12

(20.0)

0.53

1.25

(0.55–2.83)

 

25–29

64

(33.2)

23

(38.3)

-

1.00

(ref)

 

30–34

53

(27.5)

16

(26.7)

0.74

1.14

(0.54–2.39)

 

35–39

23

(11.9)

7

(11.7)

0.79

1.14

(0.43–3.03)

 

≥40

6

(3.1)

1

(1.7)

0.48

2.19

(0.25–19.35)

Age of father at birth of index child

≤19

2

(1.1)

1

(2.3)

0.62

0.53

(0.05–6.27)

 

20–24

20

(11.4)

5

(11.4)

0.87

1.10

(0.36–3.40)

 

25–29

43

(24.4)

7

(15.9)

0.34

1.16

(0.61–4.21)

 

30–34

63

(35.8)

17

(38.6)

-

1.00

(ref)

 

35–39

31

(17.6)

10

(22.7)

0.60

0.78

(0.31–1.94)

 

≥40

17

(9.7)

4

(9.1)

0.82

1.15

(0.34–3.91)

Rank of index pregnancy

1

81

(41.8)

32

(53.3)

-

1.00

(ref)

 

2

66

(34.0)

22

(36.7)

0.61

1.18

(0.63–2.23)

 

3

27

(13.9)

4

(6.7)

0.10

2.60

(0.84–8.05)

 

4+

20

(10.3)

2

(3.3)

0.09

3.67

(0.81–16.74)

Total gravidity of mother

1

36

(18.5)

8

(13.3)

-

1.00

(ref)

 

2

68

(34.9)

29

(48.3)

0.20

0.56

(0.23–1.35)

 

3

48

(24.6)

13

(21.7)

0.72

0.83

(0.31–2.23)

 

4+

43

(22.1)

10

(16.7)

0.90

1.07

(0.37–3.05)

Total parity of mother

1

52

(26.8)

14

(23.3)

-

1.00

(ref)

 

2

83

(42.8)

33

(55.0)

0.35

0.71

(0.34–1.45)

 

3

38

(19.6)

10

(16.7)

0.88

1.08

(0.43–2.71)

 

4+

21

(10.8)

3

(5.0)

0.28

2.15

(0.54–8.47)

Maternal use of folic acid in 3 months before or during first trimester of pregnancy with index child

no

144

(74.2)

46

(76.7)

-

1.00

(ref)

 

yes

50

(25.8)

14

(23.3)

0.67

0.86

(0.43–1.73)

Maternal smoking during pregnancy with index child

no

129

(66.5)

44

(73.3)

-

1.00

(ref)

 

yes

65

(33.5)

16

(26.7)

0.34

1.37

(0.72–2.62)

Paternal smoking during pregnancy with index child

no

101

(58.7)

30

(66.7)

-

1.00

(ref)

 

yes

71

(41.3)

15

(33.3)

0.29

1.46

(0.72–2.95)

Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy with index child

no

127

(65.5)

34

(56.7)

-

1.00

(ref)

 

yes

67

(34.5)

26

(43.3)

0.21

0.69

(0.38–1.24)

Maternal education or training beyond secondary school

no

70

(37.6)

30

(52.6)

-

1.00

(ref)

 

yes

116

(62.4)

27

(47.4)

0.09

1.71

(0.93–3.16)

Paternal education or training beyond secondary school

no

52

(31.3)

12

(27.3)

-

1.00

(ref)

 

yes

114

(68.7)

32

(72.7)

0.48

0.76

(0.35–1.62)

  1. 1 Denominator varies according to available data
  2. 2 Adjusted for year of birth and sex of index child
  3. 3 Index child is the child with ICTEV, or cousin control
  4. 4 χ2 test
  5. 5 Mann-Whitney U test
  6. 6 At some time in the reproductive history of the mother