| |
Total
|
Women
|
|---|
| |
(n = 277)
|
(n = 200)
|
|---|
| |
OR*
|
95% CI
|
OR*
|
95% CI
|
|---|
|
Sex (female)
|
3.27
|
1.23–8.66
|
-
|
-
|
|
Age (80+ yrs vs. 50–59)
|
3.55
|
1.30–9.65
|
2.88
|
0.99–8.40
|
|
Mobility (TGUGT)†‡
|
1.88
|
0.92–3.86
|
1.75
|
0.79–3.85
|
|
≥2 falls in previous year†
|
1.92
|
0.98–3.77
|
1.76
|
0.86–3.64
|
|
Use of benzodiazepines†
|
0.93
|
0.30–2.82
|
1.11
|
0.35–3.55
|
|
ADL difficulties†‡
|
2.67
|
1.37–5.22
|
2.20
|
1.07–4.56
|
|
Arthrosis†
|
0.84
|
0.41–1.70
|
0.61
|
0.28–1.31
|
|
Visual impairment†
|
1.52
|
0.69–3.35
|
1.03
|
0.42–2.58
|
|
Urinary incontinence†
|
2.07
|
0.98–4.41
|
1.49
|
0.67–3.31
|
|
Polypharmacy (≥ 5 pills/day)
|
2.58
|
1.30–5.10
|
2.51
|
1.19–5.28
|
|
Orthostatic hypotension‡
|
1.98
|
0.82–4.74
|
2.22
|
0.88–5.60
|
|
Cognitive impairment‡
|
1.67
|
0.76–3.69
|
1.33
|
0.55–3.21
|
|
Handgrip strength‡
|
1.95
|
0.94–4.05
|
1.46
|
0.64–3.31
|
|
FTBS feet together‡
|
1.43
|
0.71–2.89
|
1.48
|
0.68–3.21
|
|
FTBS semi-tandem stand‡
|
1.55
|
0.77–3.11
|
1.61
|
0.75–3.45
|
|
FTBS tandem stand‡
|
1.36
|
0.70–2.64
|
1.39
|
0.68–2.85
|
|
FTBS one leg stand‡
|
1.83
|
0.91–3.70
|
1.79
|
0.81–3.95
|
|
Chair stand test‡
|
1.66
|
0.85–3.26
|
1.77
|
0.85–3.68
|
- *Values presented are crude OR's, significant OR's are printed in bold.
-
†Fall risk factors according to the Dutch guideline on fall prevention.
- ‡ Abbreviations and cut off values: Timed Get Up and Go Test (TGUGT) cut off at 12 seconds. Activities of Daily Living (ADL) difficulties: fall risk if he or she had difficulties with a least two out of the three following questions of Groningen Activity Restriction Scale: a) Can you, fully independently, go up and down the stairs; b) Can you, fully independently, walk outdoors (if necessary with a cane); and c) Can you, fully independently, take care of your feet and toenails?
- Visual impairment: cut off at visual acuity less than 0.4.
- Orthostatic hypotension: 20 mmHg drop in systolic BP and/or 10 mmHg drop in diastolic BP 1 minute after standing.
- Cognitive impairment : Abbreviated Mental Test score ≤ 8.
- Handgrip strength : For women, the cut-off point was < 30 kg, for men the cut-off point was < 50 kg.
- Four Test Balance Scale (FTBS): If the patient was not able to hold at least one of these positions for 10 seconds, this counted as one fall risk.
- Chair stand test: If the patient was not able to complete the test within two minutes this was regarded as a fall risk.
