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Table 3 Odds ratios and confidence intervals for future traumatic musculoskeletal pain at 1-year follow-up by baseline predictive factors, using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses (1113 preteens and early adolescents).

From: Risk factors for development of non-specific musculoskeletal pain in preteens and early adolescents: a prospective 1-year follow-up study

Variables

Traumatic musculoskeletal pain

Univariate analysis

Traumatic musculoskeletal pain

Multivariate analysis

Age

  

   9–10 years

Reference

Reference

   11–13 years

0.93 (0.51–1.71)

0.64 (0.32–1.26)

Sex

  

   Males

Reference

Reference

   Females

0.78 (0.43–1.44)

0.90 (0.45–1.81)

Psychosomatic symptoms1

  

   Headache

1.50 (0.76–3.00)

1.22 (0.56–2.65)

   Abdominal pain

1.10 (0.42–2.84)

0.85 (0.30–2.41)

   Feeling sad or down

1.25 (0.52–3.03)

0.80 (0.30–2.14)

   Difficulties in falling asleep

1.75 (0.88–3.47)

1.47 (0.67–3.24)

   Day-time tiredness

2.37 (1.27–4.45)

2.97 (1.41–6.26)

   Waking up during nights

1.94 (0.91–4.15)

1.64 (0.70–3.85)

Hypermobility score°

  

   Less than 6

Reference

Reference

   6 or more

0.60 (0.14–2.52)

0.70 (0.16–3.04)

Frequency of physical exercise

  

   0–2

Reference

Reference

   3–4

1.52 (0.73–3.16)

1.80 (0.83–3.93)

   5–7

3.10 (1.44–6.71)

3.40 (1.39–8.31)

  1. 1Reported in a frequency of at least once a week
  2. °Using Beighton test. A child was categorized as hypermobile if his/her hypermobility score was six or more.