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Table 3 Associations with kinesiophobia: results of univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses.

From: Kinesiophobia in patients with non-traumatic arm, neck and shoulder complaints: a prospective cohort study in general practice

 

Total population (n = 679)

  

Univariate

Multivariate

Associated variables

 

B (95% CI)

B (95% CI)

Patient characteristics

   

   Older age (45–64 yrs)

 

0.67 (-0.26, 1.60)

 

   Male

 

0.33 (-0.61, 1.28)

 

   Educational levela

low

0

 
 

medium

0.98* (0.01, 1.95)

 
 

high

-1.58* (-2.64, -0.56)

 

   Having paid work

 

-0.03 (-1.16, 1.10)

 

   Active sports participation, = 1 h/week

 

-1.14* (-2.07, -0.20)

 

Complaint- specific determinants

   

   Duration of the complaint

0–6 weeks

0

 
 

6 weeks-6 months

-0.66 (-1.76, 0.43)

 
 

> 6 months

1.28* (0.21, 2.34)

 

   Complaint severity in the last week, score > 6

 

1.80* (0.86, 2.74)

 

   Disability, DASH score > 35.34

 

3.90* (3.01, 4.78)

2.78 (1.92,3.65)

   Musculoskeletal comorbidity

 

2.38* (1.46, 3.29)

1.89 (1.05,2.74)

   Recurrent complaint

 

1.08* (0.04, 2.11)

 

   Multiple- sited complaint

 

1.53* (0.58, 2.48)

 

   Locationb

neck

-0.00 (-1.01, 1.01)

 
 

upper back

0.82 (-0.92, 2.56)

 
 

shoulder

1.44* (0.51, 2.37)

0.86 (0.04,1.69)

 

upper arm

-0.49 (-1.89, 0.91)

 
 

elbow

1.06 (-0.70, 2.19)

 
 

forearm

0.56 (-1.39, 2.52)

 
 

wrist

-0.73 (-2.57, 1.10)

 
 

hand

-0.15 (-1.55, 1.25)

 

Psychosocial characteristics

   

   Low social support, SOS (12–60), score < 56

 

2.33* (1.37, 3.29)

1.17 (0.28,2.05)

   Much catastrophizing, CSQ (0–60), score > 9

 

4.26* (3.39. 5.14)

3.15 (2.27,4.03)

   Somatization, 4DSQ (0–32)

low (0-10)

0

0

 

medium (11–20)

0.45 (-0.68, 1.57)

-1.27 (-2.35,-0.19)

 

high (21–32)

6.84* (4.63, 9.05)

2.39 (0.19, 4.60)

   Distress, 4DSQ (0–32)

low (0–10)

0

0

 

medium (11–20)

0.78 (-0.30, 1.85)

0.07 (-0.96, 1.09)

 

high (21–32)

4.22* (2.80, 5.64)

1.61 (0.12, 3.10)

   Yes, I can influence my health through my own behaviour

 

-0.55 (-1.50, 0.40)

 
  1. n = number of patients; B = unstandardized coefficients; * p < 0.10; aEducational level: low: no education, primary school or lower vocational school; medium: lower or higher general secondary school level or middle vocational school); high: higher vocational school or university); bMore than one location is possible; DASH = disability of arm shoulder and hand questionnaire;4DSQ = four-dimensional symptom questionnaire; SOS = social support scale ;CSQ = coping strategy questionnaire. Multivariate linear regression analysis: Adjusted R2 = 0.24 (explained variance) and the intercept = 21.17; total number of complete cases, n = 675.
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BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2474

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