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Table 5 Univariate analyses for factors from the MD and MRI data sheets associated with a diagnosis of the cauda equina type of LSS

From: A diagnostic support tool for lumbar spinal stenosis: a self-administered, self-reported history questionnaire

 

Radicular type (n = 87)

Cauda Equina type (n = 50)

Odds Ratio

95% CI

p-value

Age (years) > 50

94.3%

96.0%

1.46

0.27 – 7.84

0.655

Gender (Female)

51.7%

56.0%

1.20

0.60 – 2.38

0.608

Symptoms

     

   Leg pain or numbness (+)

97.7%

96.0%

0.56

0.08 – 4.14

0.569

   Low back pain (+)

65.5%

62.0%

0.86

0.42 – 1.77

0.679

   Worse when walking but relieved by taking a rest

96.6%

96.0%

0.86

0.14 – 5.31

0.868

   Numbness in both legs (+)

11.5%

82.0%

35.08

13.20 – 93.19

< 0.001

   Numbness in the soles of both feet (+)

6.9%

78.0%

47.86

16.49 – 138.9

< 0.001

   Numbness around the buttocks (+)

11.5%

68.0%

6.36

6.74 – 39.73

< 0.001

   Numbness without pain

10.3%

37.0%

5.31

2.17 – 13.01

< 0.001

   A burning sensation around the buttocks

6.9%

34.0%

6.95

2.52 – 19.19

< 0.001

   Walking nearly causes urination

4.6%

26.0%

7.29

2.23 – 23.86

< 0.001

   Worse when standing for a while

92.0%

82.0%

0.40

0.14 – 1.15

0.08

   Symptoms improve on bending forward

86.2%

74.0%

0.46

0.19 – 1.10

0.07

Physical Examination

     

   Straight Leg Raising test positive

21.8%

22.0%

1.01

0.44 – 2.34

0.983

   Symptoms induced by having patients bend forward (+)

19.5%

22.0%

1.16

0.49 – 2.73

0.731

   Symptoms induced by having patients bend backward (+)

63.2%

58.0%

0.80

0.39 – 1.64

0.546

   Abnormal manual muscle strength test 1)

9.2%

12.0%

1.35

0.44 – 4.13

0.602

   Sensory disturbance

     

   (-)

49.4%

50.0%

reference

  

   (+) 2)

43.7%

46.0%

1.40

0.82 – 2.38

0.214

   Missing data

6.9%

4.0%

0.56

0.11 – 2.90

0.486

Achilles tendon reflex

     

   Normal

65.5%

30.0%

reference

  

   Abnormal 3)

27.6%

66.0%

5.10

2.41 – 10.79

< 0.001

   Missing data

6.9%

4.0%

0.56

0.11 – 2.90

0.486

Patellar tendon reflex

     

   Normal

63.2%

62.0%

reference

  

   Abnormal 3)

29.9%

34.0%

1.21

0.57 – 2.54

0.617

   Missing data

6.9%

4.0%

0.56

0.11 – 2.90

0.486

  1. 1) MMT < = 3, Strength was graded from 0 (no movement) to 5 (normal) at the knee extensors, ankle dorsiflexors, and plantar flexors, and extensor hallucis longus.
  2. 2) Hypoesthesia, analgesia, or hyperalgesia at the medial knee, dorsal foot, plantar foot, and perineal lesion
  3. 3) Absence or low response of deep reflexes