Figure 1
From: Reliability of measures of impairments associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome
Illustration of the techniques used to measure impairments associated with PFPS
(A) Hamstrings length - straight leg raise test
(B) Tightness of the lateral retinacular structures - patellar tilt test
(C) Q-angle
(D) Tibial torsion - angle formed between inter-epicondilar and intermalleolar lines
(E) Quadriceps muscle length - quadriceps femoris muscle angle
(F) Femoral anteversion - Craig’s test
(G) Plantar flexors length
(H) Hip external rotation strength
(I) Hip abduction strength
(J) ITB/TFL complex length- Ober’s test
(K) Foot pronation - navicular drop test
(L) Quality of movement - example of lateral step down test trial using arm strategy