Table 2 Factor loading for the HOPE obtained from the exploratory factor analysis*

I often set exercise goals (1)

.136

.089

-.003

.785

.094

.039

.080

-.051

.056

I usually have more than one major exercise goal (2)

.087

.104

-.075

.787

.072

.163

.053

.101

.092

2. My exercise goals help to increase my motivation for doing exercise (3)

.190

.019

.102

.780

.086

.053

.105

.095

.147

I tend to break more difficult exercise goals down into a series of smaller goals (4)

.112

.076

-.036

.680

-.033

.247

-.097

.057

.124

I usually keep tract of my progress in meeting my goals (5)

.216

.002

.063

.506

-.046

.251

.004

.033

.565

I have developed a series of steps for reaching my exercise goals (6)

.123

.080

.014

.356

-.030

.058

-.002

.142

.673

I usually achieve the exercise goals I set for myself (7)

.044

.143

-.092

.020

.123

.123

-.103

.003

.489

If I do not reach an exercise goal, I analyze what went wrong (8)

.103

.043

-.035

.164

.148

.354

.076

.086

.652

I schedule all events in my life around my exercise routine (9)

.081

.271

.000

.145

-.030

.681

.041

.124

.219

I schedule my exercise at specific times each week (10)

.038

.187

.010

.294

.100

.752

.030

.076

.062

I plan my weekly exercise schedule (11)

-.040

.139

-.024

.255

.101

.798

.055

.157

.059

I write my planned activity sessions in an appointment book or calendar (12)

-.047

.125

-.018

-.040

-.058

.642

.068

.053

.318

my chances of getting osteoporosis are high (13)

.090

.079

.894

.039

.142

-.118

-.114

.005

.000

Because of my body build, I am more likely to develop osteoporosis (14)

.069

-.022

.845

.001

.230

.043

-.075

.044

.060

My family history makes it more likely that I will get osteoporosis (15)

.059

.039

.905

.000

.113

-.123

-.054

-.008

-.056

It is extremely likely that I will get osteoporosis (16)

.069

-.035

.647

-.039

.186

.153

-.125

.041

-.110

If I had osteoporosis I would be crippled (17)

.085

-.036

.250

.050

.679

.145

-.177

.077

.027

It would be very costly if I got osteoporosis (18)

.256

.049

.151

.056

.874

-.074

-.079

.007

.076

When I think about osteoporosis I get depressed (19)

.268

.042

.146

.059

.852

-.073

-.090

-.010

.086

It would be very serious if I got osteoporosis (20)

-.046

-.040

.213

.066

.724

.111

-.194

.109

.033

Regular exercise prevents problems that would happen from osteoporosis (21)

.785

.171

.117

.086

.169

-.013

-.055

.147

.048

Regular exercise helps to build strong (22)

.892

.178

.054

.125

.107

.023

-.044

.046

.067

Exercising to prevent osteoporosis also improves the way my body looks (23)

.815

.216

.016

.192

.158

-.048

-.070

.188

.050

Regular exercise cuts down the chances of broken bones (24)

.838

.181

.032

.180

.081

.014

-.067

.049

.038

I feel good about myself when I exercise to prevent osteoporosis (25)

.615

.224

.171

.091

.056

.053

.015

.198

.270

I feel like I am not strong enough to exercise regularly (26)

-.027

.068

-.228

.098

-.137

.165

.584

.008

-.186

I have no place where I can exercise (27)

-.006

-.106

-.106

-.002

-.177

.199

.671

-.145

-.041

My spouse or family discourages me from exercising (28)

.038

-.189

.024

.001

-.155

-.023

.603

-.016

-.144

Exercising regularly makes me uncomfortable (29)

-.054

.057

-.163

-.006

-.014

.007

.755

.003

.165

Exercising regularly upsets my every day routine (30)

-.176

.179

.030

.084

-.045

-.115

.777

.055

.100

I can begin a new or different exercise program (31)

.184

.800

-.021

.019

-.034

.050

-.077

.013

.066

I can change my exercise habit (32)

.257

.748

.078

.087

.058

.109

-.138

.087

-.004

I do exercise even if they are difficult (33)

.184

.802

.024

.049

.025

.196

.135

.094

.092

I do exercise at least 30 minutes each day (34)

.087

.670

-.034

.081

.012

.150

-.011

.134

.164

I do the type of exercises that I am supposed to do (35)

.177

.690

.023

.103

-.042

.177

.109

.229

.013

I look for new information related to health (36)

.157

.063

.068

.051

.042

.100

.008

.799

.083

Keeping healthy is very important for me (37)

.425

.099

-.033

.124

.031

.144

-.043

.623

-.092

I try to discover health problems early (38)

.156

.267

.062

.084

.133

.028

-.062

.751

.059

I have a regular check-up even when I am not sick (39)

-.037

.209

-.055

-.031

-.035

.305

-.022

.524

.332

Eigenvalues

8.259

4.842

2.820

2.430

2.104

1.608

1.522

1.212

1.148

% of variance

21.177

12.416

7.231

6.230

5.396

4.123

3.904

3.108

2.942