Table 2 Univariate regression analysis between socio demographic, menstrual status, medical and dietary items and low bone mineral density in women (> 40 years) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Characteristics | Women with Low BMD | Women with normal BMD | OR |
|---|---|---|---|
N = 212 | N = 150 | (95% CI) | |
Age (in years)n = 362 | |||
41 to 50 | 70 (33.2) | 61 (41.2) | 1.00 |
51 to 60 | 80 (37.9) | 71 (48) | 0.98 (0.61 - 1.56) |
61 to 70 | 50 (23.7) | 13 (8.8) | 3.35 (1.66 - 6.75) |
70 and above | 11 (5.2) | 3 (2) | 3.19 (0.85 - 11.98) |
Marital Status n = 357 | |||
Single2 | 12 (6.2) | 12 (7.3) | 1.00 |
Married | 135 (64.6) | 101 (67.8) | 0.89 (0.14 - 5.43) |
Widow | 60 (28.7) | 37 (24.8) | 1.08 (0.17 –6.77) |
Education n = 361 | |||
University and above | 21 (9.9) | 31 (20.8) | 1.00 |
Intermediate& secondary | 40 (18.9) | 26 (17.4) | 2.27 (1.08-4.77) |
Primary | 89 (42) | 49 (32.9) | 2.68 (1.39-5.15) |
Illiterate | 62 (29.2) | 43 (28.9) | 2.13 (1.08-4.18) |
Occupation n = 341 | |||
Doctor | 2 (1.4) | 1 (0.5) | 1.00 |
Teacher/Administrator | 19 (9.5) | 16 (11.4) | 2.37 (0.19 - 28.67) |
Housewife | 181 (90) | 122 (87.1) | 2.96 (0.26 - 33.08) |
Husbands Occupation n = 243 | |||
Doctors/teachers | 11 (7.6) | 17 (15.9) | 1.00 |
Business man | 47 (32.4) | 33 (30.8) | 2.20 (0.91 - 5.30) |
Military | 25 (17.2) | 23 (210.5) | 1.68 (0.65 - 4.32) |
Administration | 62 (42.8) | 34 (31.8) | 2.81 (1.18 - 6.70) |
Type of House n = 339 | |||
Villa | 169 (85.4) | 120 (85.1) | 1.00 |
Apartment | 19 (9.6) | 13 (9.2) | 1.03 (0.49 - 2.18) |
Small house | 10 (5.1) | 8 (5.7) | 0.88 (0.34 - 2.31) |
Body Mass Index n = 357 | |||
Normal | 21 (10) | 9 (6.1) | 1.00 |
Overweight | 61 (29) | 36 (24.5) | 0.72 (0.30 - 1.75) |
Obese | 128 (61) | 102 (69.4) | 0.53 (0.23 - 1.22) |
Menstrual status n = 329 | |||
Regular | 70 (36) | 55 (41) | 1.00 |
Perimenopausal | 69 (35.4) | 48 (35.8) | 1.13 (0.67 – 1.88) |
Menopause | 56 (28.6) | 31 (23.2) | 1.42 (0.80-2.49) |
Exposure to sunlight n = 341 | |||
All the time | 45 (22.8) | 39 (27) | 1.00 |
Twice-thrice/week | 49 (24.9) | 34 (23.6) | 1.24 (0.67 - 2.30) |
Occasionally | 83 (42) | 58 (40.3) | 1.24 (0.72 - 2.13) |
Not at all | 20 (10.2) | 13 (9) | 1.33 (0.58 - 3.02) |
Renal disease n = 362 | |||
No | 200 (94.3) | 148 (98.7) | 1.00 |
Yes | 12 (5.7) | 2 (1.3) | 4.44 (1.01 - 20.13) |
History of fractures as an adult on trivial fall n = 361 | |||
No | 167 (84.3) | 131 (92.3) | 1.00 |
Yes | 31 (15.7) | 11 (7.7) | 2.21 (1.07 - 4.56) |
Family History of fracture on trivial fall n = 287 | |||
No | 155 (96.9) | 124 (97.6) | 1.00 |
Yes | 5 (3.1) | 3 (2.4) | 1.33 (0.31 - 5.68) |
Eat Cheese (slice) 100 mg n = 362 | |||
Yes | 178 (84) | 125 (83.3) | 1.00 |
No | 34 (16) | 25 (16.7) | 0.95 (0.54 – 1.68) |
Drink Milk (200 ml) n = 362 | |||
Yes | 167 (78.8) | 120 (80) | 1.00 |
No | 45 (21.2) | 30 (20) | 1.07 (0.64 – 1.81) |
Drink Laban (200 ml) n = 362 | |||
Yes | 163 (76.9) | 135 (90) | 1.00 |
No | 49 (23.1) | 15 (10) | 2.70 (1.45 – 5.04) |
Drink Green Tea n = 362 | |||
Yes | 185 (87.3) | 140 (93.3) | 1.00 |
No | 27 (12.7) | 10 (6.7) | 2.04 (0.95 - 4.36) |
Drink Arabic coffee n = 362 | |||
Yes | 177 (83.5) | 137 (91.3) | 1.00 |
No | 35 (16.5) | 13 (8.7) | 2.08 (1.06 - 4.09) |