Primary open anterior shoulder stabilization: a long-term, retrospective cohort study on the impact of subscapularis muscle alterations on recurrence

Table 3 Active shoulder external rotation at follow-up

	Operated side, abnormal histology (N = 11)			Operated side, normal histology (N = 23)			Contralateral side (N = 26)
	Mean (range)	Mean diff.*	P Value†	Mean (range)	Mean diff.*	P Value†	Mean (range)
ER1 (°)	64.5 (35-80)	-6.1	0.062	58.7 (35-80)	-11.9	0.001	70.6 (40-90)
ER2 (°)	82.3 (70-100)	-8.9	0.031	76.7 (50-100)	-14.5	0.001	91.2 (70-110)

*Mean difference between active external rotation on operated side and active external rotation on contralateral side.
†P values were obtained by using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Abnormal histology is defined as histopathologic changes within the substance of the subscapularis muscle compatible with a scarring process associated with disuse atrophy. Normal histology is defined as the absence of the above-mentioned anomalies. Contralateral side: values from contralateral pathological shoulders (five non-operated unstable shoulders and three surgically stabilized shoulders) were excluded for the data analysis to obtain a homogenous native shoulder group for comparison. Mean Diff.: mean difference. ER1, external rotation with arm held at side. ER2: external rotation with shoulder abducted to 90°.

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