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Table 4 Associations with type of analgesia prescribed at new consultation for musculoskeletal pain in those prescribed an analgesic

From: Pain medication management of musculoskeletal conditions at first presentation in primary care: analysis of routinely collected medical record data

Model

 

RRR [95% CI]

Fixed effects

 

Weak-moderate analgesics

Strong analgesics

NSAIDs

 

n

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Age Group

       

30-44

224

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

15-29

448

0.33 [0.19, 0.57]

0.32 [0.18, 0.57]

0.20 [0.10, 0.38]

0.20 [0.10, 0.40]

0.30 [0.20, 0.45]

0.30 [0.20, 0.46]

45-59

428

1.07 [0.67, 1.17]

1.32 [0.81, 2.15]

0.79 [0.48, 1.30]

1.04 [0.62, 1.78]

0.81 [0.56, 1.18]

0.83 [0.54, 1.22]

60-74

181

0.87 [0.51, 1.46]

1.19 [0.67, 2.13]

0.42 [0.22, 0.78]

0.71 [0.35, 1.42]

0.34 [0.21, 0.53]

0.35 [0.22, 0.57]

75+

63

0.76 [0.40, 1.47]

1.01 [0.50, 2.05]

0.11 [0.03, 0.37]

0.18 [0.05, 0.64]

0.04 [0.02, 0.11]

0.05 [0.02, 0.13]

Gender

       

Male

793

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Female

551

1.32 [0.94, 1.86]

1.45 [1.02, 2.09]

1.10 [0.74, 1.62]

1.31 [0.85, 2.01]

0.77 [0.58, 1.01]

0.95 [0.70, 1.28]

Previous musculoskeletal consultationa

       

No

1181

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Yes

163

1.10 [0.64, 1.90]

0.86 [0.47, 1.58]

1.23 [0.67, 2.27]

0.98 [0.49, 1.95]

1.24 [0.80, 1.93]

0.93 [0.57, 1.54]

Previous analgesic prescriptionb

       

No

1100

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Yes

244

1.64 [1.03, 2.61]

1.88 [1.11, 3.10]

1.49 [0.88, 2.56]

1.72 [0.94, 3.16]

1.58 [1.07, 2.35]

1.74 [1.11, 2.71]

Pain Region

       

Back

465

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Knee

144

0.13 [0.06, 0.26]

0.11 [0.05, 0.23]

0.08 [0.03, 0.21]

0.08 [0.03, 0.23]

0.54 [0.34, 0.87]

0.65 [0.40, 1.08]

Hip

68

0.72 [0.29, 1.77]

0.61 [0.24, 1.55]

0.53 [0.19, 1.48]

0.62 [0.21, 1.81]

1.18 [0.55, 2.56]

1.59 [0.71, 3.55]

Foot and Ankle

94

0.21 [0.09, 0.47]

0.17 [0.07, 0.39]

0.11 [0.04, 0.35]

0.10 [0.03, 0.32]

0.63 [0.37, 1.12]

0.61 [0.34, 1.10]

Arm

105

0.12 [0.05, 0.26]

0.10 [0.05, 0.23]

0.02 [0.00, 0.14]

0.02 [0.00, 0.13]

0.40 [0.24, 0.67]

0.40 [0.24, 0.69]

Shoulder

129

0.22 [0.11, 0.45]

0.18 [0.09, 0.37]

0.21 [0.10, 0.47]

0.18 [0.08, 0.40]

0.62 [0.38, 1.05]

0.56 [0.33, 0.96]

Neck

93

0.49 [0.23, 1.06]

0.50 [0.23, 1.12]

0.76 [0.35, 1.61]

0.83 [0.37, 1.84]

0.81 [0.43, 1.54]

0.82 [0.42, 1.62]

Other/unspecified

246

0.36 [0.22, 0.57]

0.32 [0.20, 0.53]

0.17 [0.10, 0.32]

0.18 [0.10, 0.34]

0.34 [0.22, 0.51]

0.38 [0.25, 0.59]

Comorbidityc

       

Yes

63

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

No

1281

1.18 [0.57, 2.44]

1.49 [0.68, 3.26]

1.18 [0.50, 2.76]

1.40 [0.56, 3.53]

1.89 [1.30, 3. 57]

1.89 [0.96, 3.73]

Deprivation

       

Most

624

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Medium

508

0.85 [0.58, 1.26]

0.75 [0.49, 1.13]

0.85 [0.58, 1.33]

0.76 [0.47, 1.22]

1.17 [0.86, 1.61]

1.19 [0.85, 1.67]

Least

212

0.74 [0.44, 1.23]

0.58 [0.33, 1.01]

0.58 [0.31, 1.09]

0.45 [0.23, 0.88]

1.02 [0.68, 1.54]

1.00 [0.64, 1.56]

Staff category

       

Other

227

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

GP

1117

0.79 [0.47, 1.04]

0.81 [0.47, 1.39]

1.86 [1.12, 3.09]

1.74 [1.01, 3.02]

1.25 [0.84, 1.86]

1.17 [0.77, 1.79]

Random effect

Adjusted VARIANCE [standard error]

Practice

 

0.27 [0.13]

  1. amusculoskeletal consultation 12–24 months before their 2006 consultation.
  2. bprescribed pain medication 12–24 months before their 2006 consultation.
  3. cdiabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), depression, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, gastro-intestinal, or neoplasm.
  4. Bold indicates p < 0.05 in adjusted analysis. Reference is prescription of basic analgesic.