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Table 3 Associations with prescription of any analgesic at new consultation for musculoskeletal pain

From: Pain medication management of musculoskeletal conditions at first presentation in primary care: analysis of routinely collected medical record data

Model

OR [95% CI]

Fixed effects

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Adjusted p-value

Age Group

   

30-44

1.00

1.00

-

15-29

0.65 [0.53, 0.80]

0.69 [0.56, 0.85]

<0.001

45-59

1.12 [0.94, 1.34]

1.23 [1.02, 1.49]

0.025

60-74

1.28 [1.01, 1.64]

1.51 [1.17, 1.95]

0.002

75+

1.85 [1.23, 2.78]

2.28 [1.49, 3.49]

<0.001

Gender

   

Male

1.00

1.00

-

Female

1.00 [0.87, 1.15]

1.02 [0.88, 1.19]

0.780

Previous musculoskeletal consultationa

   

No

1.00

1.00

-

Yes

0.89 [0.72, 1.09]

0.83 [0.66, 1.05]

0.119

Previous analgesic prescriptionb

   

No

1.00

1.00

-

Yes

1.24 [1.03, 1.49]

1.24 [1.01, 1.54]

0.045

Pain Region

   

Back

1.00

1.00

-

Knee

0.59 [0.46, 0.77]

0.56 [0.43, 0.72]

<0.001

Hip

0.38 [0.27, 0.52]

0.35 [0.25, 0.49]

<0.001

Foot and Ankle

0.55 [0.40, 0.74]

0.52 [0.38, 0.71]

<0.001

Arm

0.40 [0.30, 0.54]

0.39 [0.29, 0.53]

<0.001

Shoulder

0.90 [0.67, 1.20]

0.81 [0.60, 1.08]

0.155

Neck

0.58 [0.43, 0.79]

0.57 [0.42, 0.78]

<0.001

Other/unspecified

0.32 [0.26, 0.39]

0.29 [0.24, 0.37]

<0.001

Comorbidityc

   

Yes

1.00

1.00

-

No

0.64 [0.44, 0.92]

0.77 [0.52, 1.13]

0.217

Deprivation

   

Most

1.00

1.00

-

Medium

0.85 [0.73, 1.01]

0.80 [0.67, 0.95]

0.012

Least

0.77 [0.63, 0.95]

0.69 [0.55, 0.86]

0.001

Staff category

   

Other

1.00

1.00

-

GP

0.85 [0.70, 1.02]

0.85 [0.69, 1.04]

0.108

Random effect

 

VARIANCE

 

Practice

0.08 [0.03, 0.21]

0.09 [0.03, 0.23]

<0.001

  1. amusculoskeletal consultation 12–24 months before their 2006 consultation.
  2. bprescribed pain medication 12–24 months before their 2006 consultation.
  3. cdiabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), depression, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, gastro-intestinal, or neoplasm.