Figure 2

Plantar intrinsic foot muscle training. Plantar intrinsic foot muscle training will be performed as described by Mulligan et al. [21]. Active intrinsic foot muscle exercises may be commenced in a non-weight bearing sitting position (A). The patient is instructed to increase the medial longitudinal arch by gently supinating the foot and approximating the head of the first metatarsal towards the heel, without flexing the toes. This position should be held for 5 seconds and then slowly released back to a relaxed state. Patients should aim to perform up to 3 minutes of this exercise daily. Exercises can then be progressed to functional weight bearing positions, for example double-limb stance (B) and single-limb stance (C). For further progression, a small knee bend (D) and/or heel raise (E) can be added to these functional positions.