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Table 2 Work and social/walking heels from the GOAL interview

From: Self-reported adult footwear and the risks of lower limb osteoarthritis: the GOAL case control study

GOAL interview: Female heel types

Groups

Risk of knee OA

Risk of hip OA

Control

Knee OA

Hip OA

Univariate

Adjusted

Univariate

Adjusted

21-30 yrs

Low or flat (ref)

374

379

401

0.52 (0.35 - 0.78)**

0.76 (0.46 - 1.27)

0.55 (0.37 - 0.81)**

0.82 (0.44 - 1.17)

High

78

41

46

Wide (ref)

393

394

408

0.78 (0.56 - 1.08)

0.99 (0.65 - 1.51)

0.69 (0.48 - 0.93)*

0.82 (0.54 - 1.24)

Narrow

101

79

70

21-50 yrs

Low or flat (ref)

441

447

455

0.55 (0.33 - 0.90)*

0.53 (0.27 - 1.01)

0.43 (0.26 - 0.74)**

0.64 (0.34 - 1.18)

High

47

26

21

Wide (ref)

410

429

432

0.69 (0.45 - 1.04)

0.59 (0.35 - 1.00)

0.54 (0.35 - 0.84)**

0.50 (0.30 - 0.85)*

Narrow

60

43

34

  1. Data taken from the GOAL study interview. Predominant footwear (during work and also socialising or walking) and risks of OA (adjustments performed for age, BMI in 20’s, occupational risk and previous injury to index joint. **-p < 0.01, *-p < 0.05. Reference groups (ref) indicated within table. Statistical significance is highlighted in bold.