Table 4 Change in kinematic variables (mean (sd)) in response to pain relief

Mean change in ROM (^o)

0.1 (4.3)

−2.3 – 2.6

0.1 (6.6)

−4.9 – 4.6

Mean change in Positive Velocity (^os⁻¹)

0.3 (5.2)

−3.2 – 2.6

2.6 (4.4)

−0.6 – 5.7

Mean change Negative Velocity (^os⁻¹)

4.8 (4.7)

2.2 – 7.3

1.1 (6.1)

−5.5 – 3.2

Mean change Positive Acceleration (^os⁻²)

6.1 (12.3)

−12.9 – 0.7

7.1 (8.1)

1.3 – 12.8

Mean change Negative Acceleration (^os⁻²)

6.9 (11.7)

0.4 – 13.4

0.5 (7.9)

−6.2 – 5.1

Extension

Mean change in ROM (^o)

−0.3 (2.2)

−0.9 – 1.5

1.0 (2.8)

−0.6 – 2.6

Mean change in Positive Velocity (^os⁻¹)

0.3 (4.4)

−2.8 – 2.0

1.8 (4.0)

−0.5 – 4.1

Mean change Negative Velocity (^os⁻¹)

0.6 (1.9)

−0.5 – 1.6

2.1 (4.8)

−4.9 – 0.6

Mean change Positive Acceleration (^os⁻²)

1.7 (9.6)

−6.8 – 3.4

4.8 (8.4)

−0.1 – 9.7

Mean change Negative Acceleration (^os⁻²)

1.8 (9.2)

−3.2 – 6.7

5.1 (8.0)

−9.8 – -0.5

Side-bending

Mean change in ROM (^o)

−0.3 (1.6)

−0.3 – 0.9

1.0 (2.0)

0.3 – 1.9

Mean change in Positive Velocity (^os⁻¹)

1.1 (3.2)

−2.4 – 0.1

2.1 (3.0)

0.9 – 3.4

Mean change Negative Velocity (^os⁻¹)

0.7 (2.9)

−0.4 – 1.9

2.7 (3.3)

1.3 – 4.0

Mean change Positive Acceleration (^os⁻²)

2.1 (7.5)

−5.1 – 0.8

6.7 (7.1)

3.8 – 9.7

Mean change Negative Acceleration (^os⁻²)

3.1 (8.6)

−0.3 – 6.5

6.9 (9.6)

3.0 – 10.9

Rotation

Mean change in ROM (^o)

0.8 (2.0)

−2.1 – 0.5

−0.2 (2.9)

−1.7 – 1.3

Mean change in Positive Velocity (^os⁻¹)

0.2 (2.0)

−1.5 – 1.1

0.0 (2.1)

−1.1 – 1.1

Mean change Negative Velocity (^os⁻¹)

1.2 (1.7)

0.1 – 2.3

−0.7 (3.1)

−2.3 – 0.9

Mean change Positive Acceleration (^os⁻²)

1.8 (4.8)

−4.9 – 1.2

−1.4 (7.8)

−5.5 – 2.6

Mean change Negative Acceleration (^os⁻²)

1.1 (4.4)

−1.7 – 3.9

−0.7 (6.8)

−4.2 – 2.8

Lifting

Mean change in ROM (^o)

0.2 (5.5)

−3.1 – 3.5

0.4 (4.5)

−2.5 – 3.3

Mean change in Positive Velocity (^os⁻¹)

1.5 (5.7)

−4.9 – 1.9

−0.2 (9.7)

−6.3 – 5.9

Mean change Negative Velocity (^os⁻¹)

0.3 (5.2)

−2.9 – 3.4

−0.6 (4.8)

−3.7 – 2.4

Mean change Positive Acceleration (^os⁻²)

3.0 (10.9)

−9.6 – 3.6

3.2 (16.3)

−7.1 – 13.6

Mean change Negative Acceleration (^os⁻²)

0.0 (13.0)

−7.9 – 7.8

3.3 (12.6)

−4.7 – 11.4