| Controls | Chronic pain | P†| N ~ |
---|---|---|---|---|
 | (n = 654) | (n = 471) |  |  |
Pain | ||||
Days of pain in the prior 6 months | 28.3 ± 49.1 | 109.0 ± 69.9 | <0.001 |  |
Pain intensity | 21.5 ± 14.7 | 52.3 ± 17.7 | <0.001 |  |
Pain disability | 9.4 ± 13.2 | 38.1 ± 24.9 | <0.001 |  |
Cortisol sampling factors | ||||
Time of awakening | 7:23 ± 1:07 | 7:34 ± 1:10 | 0.01 |  |
Working on day of sampling, % | 67.2 | 48.5 | <0.001 | Â |
Sampling in month with more daylight, % | 52.7 | 54.4 | 0.50 | Â |
≤6 h sleep, % | 21.0 | 37.3 | <0.001 |  |
Sociodemographic factors | ||||
Age, years | 43.3 ± 13.4 | 46.7 ± 11.8 | <0.001 |  |
Women, % | 56.7 | 73.5 | <0.001 | Â |
Education, years | 13.1 ± 3.3 | 11.6 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |  |
Lifestyle and disease factors | ||||
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.0 ± 4.2 | 26.2 ± 4.8 | <0.001 |  |
Smoking, % | Â | Â | 0.05 | Â |
Never smoker | 32.0 | 27.2 | Â | Â |
Former smoker | 39.0 | 37.2 | Â | Â |
Current smoker | 29.1 | 35.7 | Â | Â |
Alcohol use, % | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â |
Non-drinker | 20.9 | 38.2 | Â | Â |
Mild/moderate drinker | 66.2 | 50.7 | Â | Â |
Heavy drinker | 12.8 | 11.0 | Â | Â |
Physical activity, 1000 MET min./week | 3.6 ± 3.0 | 3.9 ± 3.1 | 0.06 |  |
Number of chronic diseases | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |  |
Depression and anxiety factors | ||||
Lifetime depressive or anxiety disorder, % | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â |
No disorder | 40.4 | 12.7 | Â | Â |
Depressive disorder | 19.0 | 16.8 | Â | Â |
Anxiety disorder | 13.1 | 10.0 | Â | Â |
Comorbid depressive/anxiety disorder | 27.5 | 60.5 | Â | Â |
Current depressive or anxiety disorder, % | 35.9 | 67.5 | <0.001 | Â |
Antidepressant medication, % | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â |
No antidepressant | 83.2 | 71.3 | Â | Â |
SSRI | 10.9 | 20.0 | Â | Â |
TCA | 2.1 | 2.3 | Â | Â |
Other antidepressant | 3.8 | 6.4 | Â | Â |
Cortisol measures | ||||
At awakening, nmol/l, median [IQR] | 15.88 [12.42-20.17] | 15.48 [12.07-19.45] | 0.10 | 1105 |
AUCg, nmol/l/h | 19.0 ± 7.0 | 18.8 ± 6.7 | 0.55 | 1025 |
AUCi, nmol/l/h | 1.9 ± 6.5 | 2.6 ± 6.2 | 0.09 | 1025 |
Mean evening level, nmol/l, median [IQR] | 4.68 [3.23-6.34] | 4.90 [3.38-6.83] | 0.07 | 1120 |
Diurnal slope, decline in nmol/l/h | 0.77 ± 0.49 | 0.71 ± 0.39 | 0.05 | 1001 |
Cortisol suppression ratio, median [IQR] | 2.43 [1.75-3.33] | 2.35 [1.70-3.12] | 0.23 | 1061 |