Pain
|
Days of pain in the prior 6 months
|
28.3 ± 49.1
|
109.0 ± 69.9
|
<0.001
| |
Pain intensity
|
21.5 ± 14.7
|
52.3 ± 17.7
|
<0.001
| |
Pain disability
|
9.4 ± 13.2
|
38.1 ± 24.9
|
<0.001
| |
Cortisol sampling factors
|
Time of awakening
|
7:23 ± 1:07
|
7:34 ± 1:10
|
0.01
| |
Working on day of sampling, %
|
67.2
|
48.5
|
<0.001
| |
Sampling in month with more daylight, %
|
52.7
|
54.4
|
0.50
| |
≤6 h sleep, %
|
21.0
|
37.3
|
<0.001
| |
Sociodemographic factors
|
Age, years
|
43.3 ± 13.4
|
46.7 ± 11.8
|
<0.001
| |
Women, %
|
56.7
|
73.5
|
<0.001
| |
Education, years
|
13.1 ± 3.3
|
11.6 ± 3.3
|
<0.001
| |
Lifestyle and disease factors
|
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
25.0 ± 4.2
|
26.2 ± 4.8
|
<0.001
| |
Smoking, %
| | |
0.05
| |
Never smoker
|
32.0
|
27.2
| | |
Former smoker
|
39.0
|
37.2
| | |
Current smoker
|
29.1
|
35.7
| | |
Alcohol use, %
| | |
<0.001
| |
Non-drinker
|
20.9
|
38.2
| | |
Mild/moderate drinker
|
66.2
|
50.7
| | |
Heavy drinker
|
12.8
|
11.0
| | |
Physical activity, 1000 MET min./week
|
3.6 ± 3.0
|
3.9 ± 3.1
|
0.06
| |
Number of chronic diseases
|
0.6 ± 0.8
|
0.9 ± 0.9
|
<0.001
| |
Depression and anxiety factors
|
Lifetime depressive or anxiety disorder, %
| | |
<0.001
| |
No disorder
|
40.4
|
12.7
| | |
Depressive disorder
|
19.0
|
16.8
| | |
Anxiety disorder
|
13.1
|
10.0
| | |
Comorbid depressive/anxiety disorder
|
27.5
|
60.5
| | |
Current depressive or anxiety disorder, %
|
35.9
|
67.5
|
<0.001
| |
Antidepressant medication, %
| | |
<0.001
| |
No antidepressant
|
83.2
|
71.3
| | |
SSRI
|
10.9
|
20.0
| | |
TCA
|
2.1
|
2.3
| | |
Other antidepressant
|
3.8
|
6.4
| | |
Cortisol measures
|
At awakening, nmol/l, median [IQR]
|
15.88 [12.42-20.17]
|
15.48 [12.07-19.45]
|
0.10
|
1105
|
AUCg, nmol/l/h
|
19.0 ± 7.0
|
18.8 ± 6.7
|
0.55
|
1025
|
AUCi, nmol/l/h
|
1.9 ± 6.5
|
2.6 ± 6.2
|
0.09
|
1025
|
Mean evening level, nmol/l, median [IQR]
|
4.68 [3.23-6.34]
|
4.90 [3.38-6.83]
|
0.07
|
1120
|
Diurnal slope, decline in nmol/l/h
|
0.77 ± 0.49
|
0.71 ± 0.39
|
0.05
|
1001
|
Cortisol suppression ratio, median [IQR]
|
2.43 [1.75-3.33]
|
2.35 [1.70-3.12]
|
0.23
|
1061
|