Frailty index of deficit accumulation and falls: data from the Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW) Hamilton cohort

Li, Guowei; Ioannidis, George; Pickard, Laura; Kennedy, Courtney; Papaioannou, Alexandra; Thabane, Lehana; Adachi, Jonathan D

doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-185

Table 3 Relationship between frailty index and falls, fractures, death and overnight hospitalizations during the third year of follow-up or during the 3-year follow-up for the whole group and age subgroups

From: Frailty index of deficit accumulation and falls: data from the Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW) Hamilton cohort

Outcomes	n (%)	Age-adjusted models		Fully-adjusted models
Outcomes	n (%)	Statistics (95% CI)^a	P-value	Statistics (95% CI)^a	P-value
Falls ^b	1,068 (31.89)	1.03 (1.03-1.04)	<0.001	1.02 (1.02-1.03)	<0.001
Women < 65 years	395 (31.98)	1.03 (1.02-1.04)	<0.001	1.02 (1.01-1.03)	0.001
Women ≥ 65 years	673 (31.84)	1.03 (1.02-1.04)	<0.001	1.03 (1.02-1.04)	<0.001
Fractures ^c
All fractures ^d	238 (6.36)	1.02 (1.01-1.03)	<0.001	1.02 (1.01-1.03)	<0.001
Women < 65 years	71 (5.35)	1.02 (1.002-1.04)	0.032	1.02 (1.00-1.04)	0.019
Women ≥ 65 years	167 (6.92)	1.02 (1.01-1.03)	0.002	1.02 (1.01-1.03)	0.002
Hip fracture	18 (0.51)^g	1.04 (1.00-1.07)	0.041	1.04 (1.00-1.07)	0.051
Women < 65 years	4 (0.30)	—^k	—^k	—^k	—^k
Women ≥ 65 years	14 (0.58)	1.03 (0.99-1.07)	0.201	1.02 (0.99-1.07)	0.230
Spine fracture	28 (0.79)^h	1.04 (1.01-1.07)	0.004	1.03 (1.00-1.06)	0.024
Women < 65 years	6 (0.45)	—^k	—^k	—^k	—^k
Women ≥ 65 years	22 (0.91)	1.04 (1.01-1.07)	0.009	1.03 (1.00-1.06)	0.083
Other fractures	208 (5.56)ⁱ	1.02 (1.01-1.03)	<0.001	1.02 (1.01-1.03)	<0.001
Women < 65 years	65 (4.90)	1.02 (1.00-1.04)	0.021	1.02 (1.00-1.05)	0.027
Women ≥ 65 years	143 (5.92)	1.02 (1.00-1.03)	0.008	1.02 (1.00-1.03)	0.015
Death ^e	107 (2.69)	1.04 (1.03-1.06)	<0.001	1.05 (1.03-1.06)	<0.001
Women < 65 years	12 (0.87)	1.04 (0.99-1.08)	0.093	1.05 (1.01-1.10)	0.028
Women ≥ 65 years	95 (3.65)	1.05 (1.03-1.06)	<0.001	1.05 (1.03-1.06)	<0.001
Overnight hospitalizations ^f	347 (8.75)^j	1.03 (1.02-1.04)	<0.001	1.02 (1.02-1.03)	<0.001
Women < 65 years	75 (5.43)^j	1.07 (1.06-1.08)	<0.001	1.05 (1.04-1.06)	<0.001
Women ≥ 65 years	272 (10.52)^j	1.02 (1.01-1.03)	<0.001	1.02 (1.01-1.02)	<0.001

^aStatistics included odds ratio (OR) for falls and death, hazard ratio (HR) for fractures, and incidence rate ratio (IRR) for overnight hospitalization; CI: confidence interval; All statistics measured a change of 0.01 on the frailty index.
^bAreas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) are 0.61 for age-adjusted model and 0.69 for fully-adjusted model respectively; Fully-adjusted models used binary logistic regression, adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, drinking, education, and baseline falls.
^cCox hazards regression; Fully-adjusted models were adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, drinking, education, baseline fracture and family history of fractures.
^dIncluded hip, spine, pelvis, ribs, clavicle, wrist, upper arm, ankle, upper leg and lower leg fractures.
^eAUC are 0.79 and 0.80 for age-adjusted model and fully-adjusted model respectively; Fully-adjusted models used binary logistic regression, adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, drinking, and education.
^fPoisson regression; Fully-adjusted models were adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, drinking, education, and baseline overnight hospitalization.
^gAnalysis excluded women with nonhip fractures.
^hAnalysis excluded women with nonspine fractures.
ⁱAnalysis excluded women with hip and spine fractures.
^jFor participants spent at least one night in hospital during the third year of follow-up.
^kAnalyses could not be conducted because of the limited sample size.

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