Table 1 Covariates representing the patient’s condition before hip fracture
Type | Covariates |
|---|---|
Demography | Age, sex, ethnicity, occupation, marital status, living arrangements |
| Â | Cancer, heart failure, angina pectoris, arrhythmia, liver disease, Parkinson's disease, osteoarthritis |
Medication | Antihypertensive, cardiovascular medications, analgesics, anti-diabetes, psychotropics, gastrointestinal, other medications, polypharmacy (≥4 medications) |
Health habits | Cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, betel nut chewing, leisure time physical activity |
Diet and nutrition | Vegetarian diet, use of milk, coffee, tea; use of nutritional supplements such as calcium, multivitamin, and glucosamine |
Falls and fracture | History of fall, history of fall-induced fracture, locations of fracture, place, and time that fall happened |
Living environment | Building type, floor on which the participant lived, number of stairs in a flight, self-evaluation of stair height, stair lighting, outdoor lighting, green light duration |
Physical functions | ADL[19]: eating, bathing, dressing, toileting, getting in and out of bed |
IADL[20]: preparing a meal, shopping, using a telephone, taking medicine, light and heavy housework | |
Mobility tasks[21]: bending, walking from room to room, walking up 10 steps, walking a quarter of a mile, grasping, lifting 10 pounds, raising arms over head, unlocking with a key | |
Hearing and visual ability, finger-nose-finger coordination[22] | |
Cognitive functions | MMSE[23] |
Anthropometric | Body height, body weight, BMI |
Other | BMD (T-score) |