Skip to main content

Table 4 Measures and outcome during the course

From: Multidimensional associative factors for improvement in pain, function, and working capacity after rehabilitation of whiplash associated disorder: a prognostic, prospective outcome study

   

Admission → discharge (n = 175)

Admission → 6 month follow-up (n = 103)

  

Norm mean

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

ES

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

ES

SF-36

Physical functioning

87.3

55.8 (17.7)

67.0 (18.0)

0.63*

55.7 (18.3)

70.5 (18.9)

0.81*

Bodily pain

62.9

21.0 (14.0)

29.5 (15.7)

0.61*

21.4 (14.3)

30.4 (20.9)

0.63*

Social functioning

83.9

42.5 (26.1)

47.0 (25.7)

0.17*

45.3 (25.8)

50.7 (25.9)

0.21

NASS

Function

-

59.2 (15.2)

62.6 (16.5)

0.22*

59.8 (15.3)

66.1 (18.5)

0.41*

Pain

-

17.5 (17.6)

28.3 (22.5)

0.61*

17.7 (19.1)

26.3 (21.2)

0.45*

HADS

Depression

81.6

62.3 (19.8)

67.3 (20.5)

0.25*

63.8 (20.4)

66.5 (22.1)

0.13

Anxiety

77.8

61.9 (19.1)

62.8 (20.3)

0.05

63.3 (19.1)

66.2 (21.0)

0.15

CSQ

Catastrophizing

-

58.9 (18.7)

66.0 (20.5)

0.38*

60.1 (19.2)

66.4 (22.5)

0.33*

Activity level

-

62.4 (15.4)

64.3 (15.0)

0.12

64.6 (14.6)

66.4 (14.7)

0.12

Control pain

-

44.6 (20.0)

48.1 (20.6)

0.18*

45.0 (19.6)

50.5 (20.5)

0.28*

Decrease pain

-

42.1 (18.5)

47.0 (19.7)

0.26*

43.2 (18.1)

46.0 (19.2)

0.15

Work

Working capacity (h/w)

-

13.3 (13.7)

18.9 (9.6)

0.40*

15.6 (14.2)

7.0 (19.4)

0.61*

  1. Legend: SF-36: Short Form 36. NASS: North American Spine Society cervical spine self-assessment instrument. HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. CSQ: Coping Strategies Questionnaire. Norm: population based normative values. Mean: arithmetic mean. SD: Standard deviation. ES: Effect size. h/w: hours/week. *Significant effects (p < 0.050, Wilcoxon test).