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Table 2 Overall post-treatment standardized mean difference (SMD) effect sizes for depressive symptoms from included meta-analyses

From: Effects of exercise on depressive symptoms in adults with arthritis and other rheumatic disease: a systematic review of meta-analyses

Reference

ES/Participants (No.)

SMD (95% CI)

Z(p)

Q (p)

I 2(%)

Ï„2

PI (95%)

Busch et al. (2006)[30]a

6/294

-0.61 (-0.99 to -0.23)

-3.12(0.002)*

12.0 (0.04)**

58.4

0.13

-1.74, 0.53

Hauser et al. (2010)[37]

19/870

-0.32 (-0.53 to -0.12)

-3.13(0.002)*

37.0 (0.005)**

51.4

0.22

-1.32, 0.68

  1. Notes: No, Number; ES, effect size; SMD, standardized mean difference; 95% CI, 95% confidence intervals; Z(p), Z-value and probability value for Z; Q(p), Cochran’s Q statistic and associated alpha (p) value for Q; I 2 , I-squared statistic for heterogeneity; τ2, tau-squared; PI, prediction intervals, based on a random-effects model; SMD (95% CI) based on random-effects model; Boldfaced values indicate continuous data with non-overlapping confidence intervals; *, statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05; **, statistically significant, p ≤ 0.10; a , original meta-analysis did not pool results as done here, but rather, reported separate subgroup results for aerobic exercise studies meeting the American College of Sports Medicine recommendations[31, 32] (4 studies), those not meeting the recommendations (1 study) and those limited to strength training exercise (1 study).