Figure 1

Intraoperative endoscopic views from the inside of L5-S1 infectious spondylitis. At the beginning of the PEDI procedure, the endoscopic view was not clear due to pus accumulation and granulation tissue at the infected disc level (A). Discectomy forcep, flexible rongeur, and shaver were then inserted through the cannulated sleeve to withdraw as much infected tissue as possible (B). By aggressive percutaneous debridement, the endoscopic view became much clear and the vertebral endplate above the infected disc level could be identified (C).