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Vitamin D level
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Measured by blood sample: Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin-D specified in nmol/L
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Results divided into 3 groups: (1) normal Vitamin D level > 50 nmol/L, (2) mild Vitamin D deficiency between 25–50 nmol/L, and (3) severe/moderate Vitamin D deficiency < 25 nmol/L [14]
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Levels were measured in March, April and May 2011
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Body mass index, BMI a
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Calculated from self-reported height (h) and weight from the database.
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Formula: BMI = mass (kg)/height2 (m)
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Low Back Pain, LBP a
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Pain intensity, (0–10 numerical rating scales). Self-reported from the database.
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Patients were asked to enter: (1) back pain now, (2) worst back pain last two weeks and (3) average back pain last two weeks.
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LBP intensity is an average of the three entered scores [25]
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Leg paina
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Pain intensity, (0–10 numerical rating scales). Self-reported from the database.
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Patients were asked to enter: (1) leg pain now, (2) worst leg pain last two weeks and (3) average leg pain last two weeks.
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Leg pain intensity is an average of the three entered scores [25].
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Modic changes
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Defined as signal changes in the vertebral end plates diagnosed on MRI [26] (Jensen, 2007). Data obtained from MRI descriptions.
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Modic changes were divided into groups: (1) No modic, (2) Modic Type 1, (3)
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Modic Type 2 and (4) Modic Types 1 and 2
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Weakness in legs a
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Patients were asked about any weakness in the legs. Self-reported from the database (yes/no)
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Paresthesia in legs a
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Patients were asked about any paresthesia in the legs. Self -reported from the database (yes/no)
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Widespread pain a
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Patients reported their pain on a pain chart. In the database, the chart is divided into 46 different pain sites, which enables the database to calculate the number of pain regions
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