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Figure 4 | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

Figure 4

From: Movement within foot and ankle joint in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a 3-dimensional ultrasound analysis of medial gastrocnemius length with correction for effects of foot deformation

Figure 4

Analysis of X-rays for a TD adult subject after talus alignment. A. The foot in a position similar to that when exerting 0 Nm. Under high magnification markers (dashed lines and arrows) were placed for alignment and at particular insertion points of muscles and along the fibula. B. The foot in a position similar to that when exerting 4 Nm dorsal flexion. The talar bone was aligned with that in A. Such talar bone alignment allows distinction of contributions to foot plate movement and muscular length changes by foot deformation and crural bone movements respectively. The markers of A. were copied to image B. (dashed lines or arrows). New markers (solid lines or arrows) placed on the reference points in the new condition. Length changes were estimated (rectangles) for GM (m. triceps surae). TA (m. tibialis anterior) and PB (m. peroneus brevis) and angular changes for the fibula and foot plate, as well as calcaneal angle (not shown). The arrow on the heel part of the foot plate is used for calibration (actual dimension = 8.98 cm).

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