Risk factors for incident hyperuricemia during mid-adulthood in African American and White men and women enrolled in the ARIC cohort study

Table 1 Baseline risk factors by incident hyperuricemia in the ARIC cohort

	No incident hyperuricemia	Incident hyperuricemia
Baseline risk factors	n = 7,908	n = 304
Male sex	37	49**
Age, years	53.8 (6)	54.3 (5)
African American race	18	33**
High school education or higher	83	73**
Pre-menopause ^a,b	35	37
Smoking status ^a
Current smoker	22	27
Former smoker	31	28
Never smoker	47	45
Diuretic use	12	19**
Hypertension	24	44**
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	6 (1)	6 (1)
HDL cholesterol ^a
< 1.03 mmol/L	20	26*
1.03 ≤ HDL ≤ 1.55	48	50
> 1.55	32	24
Diabetes	8	11*
Coronary heart disease	3	6*
Congestive heart failure	2	5*
BMI, kg/m ^2a
BMI ≥ 35	6	14**
30 ≤ BMI < 35	15	23
25 ≤ BMI < 30	39	45
BMI < 25	40	18
Early adult obesity	3	7**
Weight change from early adult, lb	25 (26)	32 (30)**
Waist-to-hip ratio, quartiles ^a
Waist-to-hip ratio ≥ 0.97	23	38**
0.92 ≤ Waist-to-hip ratio < 0.97	25	28
0.86 ≤ Waist -to-hip ratio < 0.92	26	22
0.86 ≤ Waist-to-hip ratio	26	12
Categorical alcohol intake, grams/week ^a
Abstain	61	63*
0–100	27	24
>100	12	13
Animal fat, grams/day	35 (17)	37 (18)*
Animal protein, grams/day	53 (23)	53 (22)
eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m ^2a
<60	1	4**
60–90	39	40
≥ 90	60	56
Baseline serum urate level, mg/dL	5.3 (1.0)	6.1 (0.78)**
Serum urate level at 3 year follow-up, mg/dL	5.5 (1.2)	7.0 (1.3)**
3-year change in serum urate level, mg/dL	0.2 (0.9)	0.9 (1.3)**

Mean and standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and percent for categorical variables.
*p-value < 0.05 ; **p-value < 0.001.
^ap-value for trend.
^bThe number of participants included in analysis was 4,551; men (n = 3,036) and women without known menopause status (n = 625) were excluded from this analysis.