Table 2 Overview of outcome parameters identified in studies included in review
| Outcome parameter | ICF code[2] | Actual or perceived performance | Quality of walking | Energy cost | Cognitive effort | Safety | Activity level | Activities other than walking | Prosthetic comfort | Other (e.g. health) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Functioning & disability |
ICF component
“Body” (comprising “Body functions” and “Body structures”) | walking speed [7, 14, 16–18, 20, 21, 24, 30, 35],[39] | b770 | a | ● | ● | ||||||
| (a)symmetry [7, 16, 18, 29, 36, 40, 41] | b770 | a | ● | |||||||||
| stance phase duration [15, 35, 39, 41] | b770 | a | ● | ● | ||||||||
| joint angles [15, 17, 18, 21, 39] | b770 | a | ● | ● | ||||||||
| joint moments [15, 17, 18, 21, 26] | b770 | a | ● | |||||||||
| joint power [16, 20] | b770 | a | ● | |||||||||
| step time [17, 41] | b770 | a | ● | |||||||||
| step length [17, 21] | b770 | a | ● | |||||||||
| single-support time [17, 39, 41] | b770 | a | ● | ● | ||||||||
| double-support time [17, 41] | b770 | a | ● | |||||||||
| jerk [17] | b770 | a | ● | |||||||||
| cadence [14, 18, 24, 35, 39] | b770 | a | ● | ● | ||||||||
| ground reaction force [21, 41] | b770 | a | ● | |||||||||
| impulse [41] | b770 | a | ● | |||||||||
| stride length [14, 24, 35, 39] | b770 | a | ● | ● | ||||||||
| knee extension instant [35] | b770 | a | ● | |||||||||
| latency period [35] | b770 | a | ● | |||||||||
| muscular activity pattern [17, 39] | b760 | a | ● | ● | ||||||||
| walking distance [14, 25] | b455 | a | ● | |||||||||
| dynamic stability [39] | b755/b235 | p | ● | |||||||||
| O2 consumption rate [7–9, 13, 14, 16–18, 20, 27, 31] | b455 | a | ● | |||||||||
| heart rate [13, 14, 18, 27] | b455 | a | ● | |||||||||
| physiological cost index [24, 29] | b455 | a | ● | |||||||||
| physical activity-related energy expenditure [31] | b455 | a | ● | |||||||||
| effort to walk [7, 10, 18, 31] | b469 | p | ● | |||||||||
| ability to divide attention [18, 22] | b140 | p | ● | |||||||||
| concentration [25, 34] | b140 | p | ● | |||||||||
| whole body sway [11] | b755 | a | ● | |||||||||
| joint angles/moments (safety potential) [33] | b770 | a | ● | |||||||||
| joint angles (gait pattern variability) [18] | b770 | a | ● | |||||||||
| confidence (walking [7, 25, 32, 34]/standing [7]/balance [28, 39, 43]) | b126 | p/p/p | ● | |||||||||
| perceived safety [18, 32] | b126 | p | ● | |||||||||
| moment of heel off [39] | b770 | a | ● | |||||||||
| postural stability [26] | b755/b235 | a | ● | |||||||||
| load on non-affected leg [18] | b780 | p | ● | |||||||||
| integration in body scheme [18] | b180 | p | ● | |||||||||
| body image [23] | b180 | p | ● | |||||||||
|
ICF
component “Activities & Participation” | quality [10, 16, 18]/ ability [10, 12, 18, 29, 32] of walking | d450 | a-p/p | ● | ||||||||
| learning to walk [10] | d155 | p | ● | |||||||||
| stumble frequency [25, 29, 30, 34] | p | ● | ||||||||||
| fall frequency [25, 29, 30, 34, 43] | p | ● | ||||||||||
| activity duration [19, 42] | a | ● | ||||||||||
| activity level [42] | a | ● | ||||||||||
| number of daily bouts of activity [42] | a | ● | ||||||||||
| daily step frequency [19, 25] | d450 | a | ● | |||||||||
| quality [25, 34]/ability [10, 18, 29, 30]/effort [7] of stairs negotiation | d455 | a/p/p | ● | |||||||||
| quality [25, 34]/ability [10, 18, 29]/effort [7] of hill negotiation | d450 | a/p/p | ● | |||||||||
| ability [10, 25, 30, 34]/effort [7] to negotiate uneven terrain | d450 | a-p/p | ● | |||||||||
| quality of obstacle negotiation [27] | d450 | a | ● | |||||||||
| duration [37]/symmetry [37] of sitting down/standing up | d410 | a/a | ● | |||||||||
| basic functional mobility [25, 34, 39, 43] | d4* | a | ● | |||||||||
| ability to perform daily life activities [38] | d4*/d649 | a-p | ● | |||||||||
| satisfaction/performance [25, 30, 31, 34, 39, 42] | p | ● | ||||||||||
| general health/QoL [25, 27, 34] | p | ● | ||||||||||
| participation in work/leisure activities [43] | d850/d920 | p | ● | |||||||||
| Contextual factors | ICF Environmental & Personal factors | amount of prosthetic use [39] | e1151 | p | ● | ● | ||||||
| use of walking aids [18, 24, 39] | e115 | a-p | ● | |||||||||
| swing phase control [12] | e1151 | p | ● | |||||||||
| knee dynamics [12] | e1151 | p | ● | |||||||||
| mechanical reliability [10] | e115 | p | ● | |||||||||
| socket fit [30] | e1151 | p | ● | |||||||||
| prosthesis attributes [29, 32] | e1151 | p | ● | |||||||||
| physical effects of prosthesis [32] | e1151 | p | ● |