Table 4 Baseline characteristics of participants
Variables | |
|---|---|
Age (yr) (mean, SD), n = 373 | 40.9 (9.8) |
Female gender (n, %), n = 373 | 173 (46.4) |
Education level (n, %), n = 373 | |
Primary school | 58 (15.5) |
Vocational high school/general secondary school | 212 (56.8) |
College/university < 4 years | 62 (16.6) |
College/university > 4 years | 41 (11.0) |
Occupational categories (n, %), n = 373 | |
Low-skilled blue-collar | 61 (16.4) |
High-skilled blue-collar | 84 (22.5) |
Low-skilled white-collar | 126 (33.8) |
High-skilled white-collar | 102 (27.3) |
Pain location (n, %), n = 373 | |
Neck | 32 (8.6) |
Neck and back | 106 (28.4) |
Back | 235 (63.0) |
Pain intensity at rest (range 0–10) (mean, SD), n = 373 | 4.7 (2.3) |
Pain intensity on activity (range 0–10) (mean, SD), n = 373 | 6.2 (2.2) |
Number of pain regions (range 0–10) (mean, SD), n = 372 | 3.5 (1.9) |
Oswestry disability index (range 0–100) (mean, SD), n = 348 | 35.4 (13.3) |
Neck disability index (range 0–100) (mean, SD), n = 165 | 38.1 (14.6) |
Disability Index (range 0–100) (mean, SD), n = 373 | 38.4 (13.4) |
Hopkins symptom checklist 10 (range 1–4) (mean, SD), n = 373 | 2.0 (0.6) |
Fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire, physical activity (range 0–24) (mean, SD), n = 369 | 13.6 (5.6) |
Fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire, work (range 0–42) (mean, SD), n = 373 | 27.5 (10.2) |