From: Chronic low back pain patient groups in primary care – A cross sectional cluster analysis
Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
n = 179 | n = 200 | n = 255 | |
(28.2%) | (31.5%) | (40.2%) | |
Age [years: mean (SD)] | 68.2 (8.6) | 57.8 (13.1) | 46.8 (10.3) |
Persons at household [mean (SD)] | 2.1 (0.9) | 2.2 (0.1) | 2.9 (1.2) |
Employment status [no. (%)] | |||
- Working (full or part-time) | 12 (6.8) | 88 (44.2) | 222 (87.1) |
Reasons for not working [no. (%)] | |||
- Keeping house | 11 (6.7) | 20 (17.7) | 19 (57.9) |
- Unemployed# | 6 (3.7) | 10 (8.8) | 11 (33.3) |
- Retired | 146 (89.6) | 82 (72.6) | 1 (3.0) |
- Other | 0 (0) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (6.1) |
Days on sick leave of the employed participants [mean (SD)] | 81.4 (14.4) | 20.9 (26.7) | 4.8 (8.2) |
Degree of disability [no. (%)] | |||
- Yes | 96 (58.2) | 113 (59.2) | 46 (18.6) |
Number of pain areas [mean (SD)] | 3.9 (2.3) | 4.4 (2.2) | 3.7 (2.2) |
Index of the graded chronic pain (von Korff) [no (%)] | |||
- 0 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
- 1 | 23 (14.5) | 15 (8.1) | 44 (18.0) |
- 2 | 32 (20.1) | 24 (13.0) | 91 (37.1) |
- 3 | 51 (32.1) | 58 (31.4) | 69 (28.2) |
- 4 | 53 (33.3) | 88 (47.6) | 41 (16.7) |
Symptom check-list-90-R (Somatization) [mean (SD)] | |||
11.1 (6.9) | 14.4 (7.2) | 8.8 (5.0) | |
Self-administered comorbidity questionnaire (SACQ) [no (%)] | |||
- Psychological comorbidities* | 23 (19.5) | 67 (44.4) | 35 (15.2) |
- Musculoskeletal comorbidities** | 89 (75.4) | 87 (57.6) | 56 (24.3) |
- Other comorbidities*** | 107 (90.7) | 117 (77.5) | 125 (54.3) |
Brief resilience scale (RS-11) [mean (SD)] | 61.3 (11.9) | 47.3 (13.6) | 63.2 (8.7) |
Hospital anxiety and depression (HADS) [mean (SD)] | |||
- Anxiety | 6.6 (3.4) | 10.5 (4.1) | 7.0 (3.3) |
- Depression | 7.4 (2.6) | 10.9 (2.9) | 6.8 (2.4) |
Coping resources of back pain (FBR) [mean (SD)] | |||
- Emotional social support | 13.9 (5.0) | 6.5 (4.6) | 11.6 (5.2) |
- Practical help | 13.5 (5.5) | 7.5 (4.8) | 13.2 (5.1) |
- Exercise and relaxation | 14.2 (4.4) | 8.2 (4.2) | 13.1 (4.7) |
- Hobby and enjoyment | 16.0 (3.6) | 8.0 (4.4) | 14.7 (4.0) |
- Cognitive strategies | 15.7 (3.9) | 7.8 (4.3) | 14.1 (4.5) |
- Knowledge | 7.0 (2.6) | 4.1 (2.5) | 6.9 (2.4) |
- Spirituality | 6.2 (3.3) | 2.5 (2.8) | 3.8 (3.5) |
Gut feeling: Will the pain get away? [no (%)] | |||
- Yes | 90 (50.3) | 73 (36.5) | 40 (15.7) |
Number of different therapeutic strategies [mean (SD)] | 7.1 (3.8) | 6.6 (3.9) | 5.0 (3.4) |
Number of consultations because of back pain / 6 months [mean (SD)] | 5.7 (5.9) | 6.1 (7.2) | 3.6 (4.2) |
Number of operations because of back pain [mean (SD)] | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.5 (1.4) | 0.1 (0.3) |