Table 1 Demographic, low back pain, health outcomes, and the Buddhist characteristics of the religious beliefs and practices of participating office workers with chronic low back pain
Characteristics | (n=463) | (n=96) | Â | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | N (%) | Mean (SD) | N (%) | Mean (SD) | P-value |
Demographic characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age | Â | 38.5 (10.0) | Â | 36.5 (9.1) | 0.55 |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.69 |
 Male | 113 (24.4) |  | 32 (33.3) |  |  |
 Female | 350 (75.6) |  | 64 (66.7) |  |  |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | Â | 23.1 (3.9) | Â | 23.8 (4.5) | 0.16 |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.42 |
 Lower than Bachelor’s degree | 80 (17.3) |  | 14 (14.5) |  |  |
 Bachelor’s degree | 298 (64.4) |  | 59 (61.5) |  |  |
 Higher than Bachelor’s degree | 85 (18.3) |  | 23 (24.0) |  |  |
Exercise frequency in the past 12 months |  |  |  |  | 0.34 |
Never | 123 (26.6) | Â | 31 (32.3) | Â | Â |
Occasionally | 288 (62.2) | Â | 52 (54.2) | Â | Â |
Regularly | 52 (11.2) | Â | 13 (13.5) | Â | Â |
Low back pain characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Duration of low back pain (months) | Â | 28.3 (36.9) | Â | 27.8 (36.9) | 0.89 |
Pain intensity in the past 4 weeks using NPS |  | 4.3 (1.8) |  | 4.3 (1.8) | 0.87 |
Radiation of pain in the past 4 weeks |  |  |  |  | 0.74 |
 Yes | 137 (39.6) |  | 30 (31.2) |  |  |
 No | 326 (70.4) |  | 66 (68.8) |  |  |
Health outcomes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
RDQ-24 | Â | 4.8 (3.8) | Â | 5.1 (3.6) | 0.40 |
FABQ work subscale | Â | 17.8 (7.8) | Â | 16.7 (7.6) | 0.21 |
FABQ physical activity subscale | Â | 14.5 (4.5) | Â | 14.6 (4.4) | 0.72 |
GHQ-28 | Â | 4.6 (5.0) | Â | 5.0 (5.5) | 0.47 |
 Anxiety subscale |  | 1.3 (2.0) |  | 1.4 (2.2) | 0.77 |
 Depression subscale |  | 0.2 (0.8) |  | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.13 |
AUCG (cortisol) (μg.min/dL) |  | - |  | 208.2 (79.8) | - |
Cortisol level at awakening | Â | - | Â | 6.02 (2.5) | Â |
Cortisol level at 30 min after awakening |  | - |  | 7.87 (3.4) |  |
Religious beliefs and practices of Buddhism | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Total score |  | 135.1 (14.9) |  | 132.8 (15.1) | 0.17 |
 Beliefs in Buddhist teaching subscale |  | 43.5 (6.1) |  | 42.0 (6.1) | 0.05 |
 Buddhist practice subscale |  | 47.6 (6.3) |  | 46.4 (6.9) | 0.09 |
 Buddhist lifestyle subscale |  | 43.9 (6.2) |  | 43.3 (6.3) | 0.63 |