Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for this study
Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
|---|---|
Postmenopausal for ≥12 months | A history or evidence of metabolic bone disease (e.g. type I diabetes, hyper- or hypoparathyroidism, Paget’s disease, osteomalacia, renal osteodystrophy, osteogenesis imperfecta) |
Han Chinese nationality | Evidence of rheumatoid arthritis |
Residency in Beijing for ≥20 years | History of organ transplantation |
Willingness to participate in the study | The presence of cancer(s) with known metastasis to bone |
Ability to read informed consent form | A long history of smoking or alcohol consumption |
Ability to provide informed consent | Evidence of significant renal impairment |
Menopause before the age of 40 years | |
Previous fracture or replacement of both hips | |
The presence of a prolonged immobility condition (e.g., spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, muscular dystrophy, ankylosing spondylitis) | |
Prior use of an antiresorptive (e.g. bisphosphonate, estrogen, selective estrogen receptor modulators and calcitonin) or anabolic agent (e.g. fluoride and parathormone-PTH) |