Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Diagnosis

1.) Non-specific CBP ≥ 45 days during the past three months, and

2.) History of experienced psychological trauma*

Age

At least 18 years of age

Language

Fluent German language skills

Exclusion criteria

Pathology

- Specific pathologies of CBP (e.g., spinal canal stenosis, disc hernia, spondylolisthesis, infection, malignancy, Bechterew disease, and fracture)

- Sciatica pain ≥ than back pain

- Severe physical or psychiatric co-morbidity

- Cognitive impairment

Pension status

Active or planned worker’s compensation, disability or personal injury claims

Medical status

Planned other or ongoing psychotherapy, change in medication in the last three months