Bony structures | Young’s modulus | Poisson’s | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
E (MPa) | ratio | |||
Cortical bone | 12,000 | 0.3 | Shirazi et al. [7] | |
Cancellous bone | 100 | 0.2 | ||
Posterior element | 3,500 | 0.25 | ||
End plate | 25 | 0.25 | Sharma et al. [8] | |
Annulus ground | 4.2 | 0.45 | ||
Nucleus pulposus | 1.0 | 0.499 (incompressible) | Goel et al. [6] | |
Annulus fibers | Young’s modulus | Cross-sectional | Reference | |
E (MPa) | Area (mm2) | |||
Layer 1/2 | 550 | 0.50 | ||
Layer 3/4 | 495 | 0.39 | ||
Layer 5/6 | 413 | 0.31 | ||
Layer 7/8 | 358 | 0.24 | ||
Ligaments | Young’s modulus | Cross-sectional | Reference | |
E (MPa) | Area (mm2) | |||
ALL | 7.8 (<12%) | 20 (>12%) | 63.7 | Adapted from Goel et al. [6] |
PLL | 10 (<11%) | 20 (>11%) | 20 | |
LF | 15 (<6.2%) | 19 (>6.2%) | 40 | |
CL | 7.5 (<25%) | 33 (>25%) | 30 | |
ITL | 10 (<18%) | 59 (>18%) | 1.8 | |
ISL | 10 (<14%) | 12 (>14%) | 40 | |
SSL | 8 (<20%) | 15 (>20%) | 30 |