Detecting insomnia in patients with low back pain: accuracy of four self-report sleep measures

Table 1 Sample’s demographic and clinical characteristics

^*Brief Pain Inventory on 0–10 NRS, 0 = no pain, 10 = pain as bad as you can imagine. ^**Roland and Morris Disability Questionnaire: the higher score indicates more severe disability. ^***Depression subscale of the DASS-21: 0 – 9 = no depression, 10 – 13 = mild depression, 14 – 20 = moderate depression, 21 – 27 = severe depression and over 28 = extremely severe depression. ^≠Anxiety subscale of the DASS-21: 0 – 7 = no anxiety, 8 – 9 = mild anxiety, 10 - 14 = moderate anxiety, 15 – 19 = severe anxiety and more than 20 = extremely severe anxiety. ^±Stress subscale of the DASS-21: 0 – 14 = normal level of stress, 15 – 18 = mild stress, 19 – 25 = moderate stress, 26 – 33 = severe stress and over 37 = extremely severe stress. ^†Fatigue Severity Scale: a total score of less than 36 suggests no fatigue, while a total score of 36 or more suggests fatigue and further evaluation by a physician is needed; ^#Pittsburgh sleep quality index: > 5 indicates poor sleep quality; ^$Insomnia severity index: > 14 indicates clinical insomnia; ^¥Epworth sleepiness scale: > 10 indicates excessive day-time sleepiness.
^£ Roland item = I sleep less well because of my back.

ISSN: 1471-2474