| Baseline | Follow-up | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Women with diabetes n= 30 | Controls n= 30 | Difference between groups p-value | Women with diabetes n= 15 | Controls n= 22 | Difference between groups p-value |
Age, years | 71.1 (4.8) | 70.7 (4.9) | 0.816 | 73.9 (3.6) | 72.5 (4.9) | 0.324 |
Caucasian, n (%) | 23 (79.3) | 30 (100.0) | 0.017* | 12 (80) | 22 (100.0) | 0.009* |
History of osteoporotic fracturea | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Since age 40 years, n (%) | 5 (17.7) | 6 (20.0) | 0.738 | - | - | - |
 Since baseline assessment, n (%) | - | - | - | 2 (13.3) | 1 (4.5) | 0.315 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 34.6 (7.6) | 27.9 (5.5) | <0.001* | 36.1 (5.7) | 27.9 (4.4) | <0.001* |
Waist:hip Ratio | 0.89 (0.07) | 0.83 (0.06) | 0.002* | 0.90 (0.05) | 0.83 (0.06) | <0.001* |
Body fat percentage, % | 40.3 (6.1) | 37.2 (6.5) | 0.056 | 41.8 (9.5) | 39.1 (4.2) | 0.256 |
Time since menopause, years | 22 (7) | 22 (8) | 0.841 | 24 (5) | 23 (7) | 0.656 |
Number of prescribed medications | 6.6 (3.5) | 1.9 (2.2) | <0.001* | 8.1 (3.0) | 2.4 (2.5) | <0.001* |
Age-adjusted Charlson Index | 4.3 (1.5) | 0.1 (0.6) | <0.001* | 4.5 (1.2) | 0.1 (0.6) | <0.001* |
Total calcium intake, mg/day | 1594 (696) | 2062 (590) | 0.007* | 1679 (890) | 2019 (639) | 0.697 |
 Supplemental, mg/day | 446 (481) | 678 (482) | 0.070 | 377 (480) | 603 (427) | 0.138 |
 Dietary, mg/day | 1148 (564) | 1397 (335) | 0.054 | 1345 (660) | 1241 (473) | 0.565 |
Total vitamin D intake, IU/day | 806 (622) | 1177 (912) | 0.073 | 1316 (828) | 1488 (875) | 0.562 |
 Supplemental, IU/day | 626 (573) | 982 (921) | 0.080 | 993 (822) | 1285 (866) | 0.308 |
 Dietary, IU/day | 179 (142) | 195 (130) | 0.644 | 252 (124) | 218 (155) | 0.495 |
Weekly energy expenditure, kcal/week | 1984 (2428) | 2584 (2203) | 0.333 | 959 (1129) | 2255 (1443) | 0.005* |
TUG Test, seconds | 12.8 (4.0) | 9.4 (2.7) | <0.001* | 14.4 (4.4) | 10.0 (3.4) | <0.001* |
TUG test >12 seconds, n (%) | 11 (44.0) | 4 (13.3) | 0.011* | 7 (46.6) | 2 (9.1) | 0.005* |
Grip strength, kg | 18.8 (4.8) | 21.7 (6.3) | 0.058 | 16.3 (5.0) | 20.2 (6.1) | 0.048* |
Bone density measurements | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Lumbar spine, g/cm2 | 1.07 (0.15) | 0.97 (0.19) | 0.025* | 1.11 (0.15) | 0.99 (0.15) | 0.022* |
 Lumbar spine T-score | 0.15 (1.40) | -0.61 (1.66) | 0.038* | 0.47 (1.27) | −0.51 (1.34) | 0.034* |
 Femoral neck, g/cm2 | 0.73 (0.11) | 0.69 (0.09) | 0.254 | 0.73 (0.11) | 0.69 (0.09) | 0.254 |
 Femoral neck T-score | −1.11 (1.02) | 1.40 (0.89) | 0.288 | −1.14 (0.68) | −1.31 (0.88) | 0.524 |
 Total hip, g/cm2 | 0.87 (0.12) | 0.86 (0.11) | 0.639 | 0.88 (0.12) | 0.87 (0.10) | 0.759 |
 Total hip T-score | −0.58 (0.99) | -0.70 (0.95) | 0.657 | −0.54 (0.72) | −0.59 (0.87) | 0.853 |