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Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of all study participants who were enrolled at baseline and follow-up

From: Changes in trabecular bone microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with and without type 2 diabetes: a two year longitudinal study

 

Baseline

Follow-up

 

Women with diabetes n= 30

Controls n= 30

Difference between groups p-value

Women with diabetes n= 15

Controls n= 22

Difference between groups p-value

Age, years

71.1 (4.8)

70.7 (4.9)

0.816

73.9 (3.6)

72.5 (4.9)

0.324

Caucasian, n (%)

23 (79.3)

30 (100.0)

0.017*

12 (80)

22 (100.0)

0.009*

History of osteoporotic fracturea

      

 Since age 40 years, n (%)

5 (17.7)

6 (20.0)

0.738

-

-

-

 Since baseline assessment, n (%)

-

-

-

2 (13.3)

1 (4.5)

0.315

BMI, kg/m2

34.6 (7.6)

27.9 (5.5)

<0.001*

36.1 (5.7)

27.9 (4.4)

<0.001*

Waist:hip Ratio

0.89 (0.07)

0.83 (0.06)

0.002*

0.90 (0.05)

0.83 (0.06)

<0.001*

Body fat percentage, %

40.3 (6.1)

37.2 (6.5)

0.056

41.8 (9.5)

39.1 (4.2)

0.256

Time since menopause, years

22 (7)

22 (8)

0.841

24 (5)

23 (7)

0.656

Number of prescribed medications

6.6 (3.5)

1.9 (2.2)

<0.001*

8.1 (3.0)

2.4 (2.5)

<0.001*

Age-adjusted Charlson Index

4.3 (1.5)

0.1 (0.6)

<0.001*

4.5 (1.2)

0.1 (0.6)

<0.001*

Total calcium intake, mg/day

1594 (696)

2062 (590)

0.007*

1679 (890)

2019 (639)

0.697

 Supplemental, mg/day

446 (481)

678 (482)

0.070

377 (480)

603 (427)

0.138

 Dietary, mg/day

1148 (564)

1397 (335)

0.054

1345 (660)

1241 (473)

0.565

Total vitamin D intake, IU/day

806 (622)

1177 (912)

0.073

1316 (828)

1488 (875)

0.562

 Supplemental, IU/day

626 (573)

982 (921)

0.080

993 (822)

1285 (866)

0.308

 Dietary, IU/day

179 (142)

195 (130)

0.644

252 (124)

218 (155)

0.495

Weekly energy expenditure, kcal/week

1984 (2428)

2584 (2203)

0.333

959 (1129)

2255 (1443)

0.005*

TUG Test, seconds

12.8 (4.0)

9.4 (2.7)

<0.001*

14.4 (4.4)

10.0 (3.4)

<0.001*

TUG test >12 seconds, n (%)

11 (44.0)

4 (13.3)

0.011*

7 (46.6)

2 (9.1)

0.005*

Grip strength, kg

18.8 (4.8)

21.7 (6.3)

0.058

16.3 (5.0)

20.2 (6.1)

0.048*

Bone density measurements

      

 Lumbar spine, g/cm2

1.07 (0.15)

0.97 (0.19)

0.025*

1.11 (0.15)

0.99 (0.15)

0.022*

 Lumbar spine T-score

0.15 (1.40)

-0.61 (1.66)

0.038*

0.47 (1.27)

−0.51 (1.34)

0.034*

 Femoral neck, g/cm2

0.73 (0.11)

0.69 (0.09)

0.254

0.73 (0.11)

0.69 (0.09)

0.254

 Femoral neck T-score

−1.11 (1.02)

1.40 (0.89)

0.288

−1.14 (0.68)

−1.31 (0.88)

0.524

 Total hip, g/cm2

0.87 (0.12)

0.86 (0.11)

0.639

0.88 (0.12)

0.87 (0.10)

0.759

 Total hip T-score

−0.58 (0.99)

-0.70 (0.95)

0.657

−0.54 (0.72)

−0.59 (0.87)

0.853

  1. Values are mean (SD), unless indicated. * indicates significant between-group differences at p-value <0.05.
  2. aAtraumatic osteoporotic fracture includes hip, wrist, spine or proximal humerus fracture.
  3. Abbreviations: body mass index, BMI; timed-up-and-go, TUG.