Table 2 Comparison of the kinematic parameters between children with and without flexible flatfoota
From: Lower extremity kinematics in children with and without flexible flatfoot: a comparative study
Kinematic variables | Flexible Flatfoot group N = 20 Mean (SD) | Control group N = 10 Mean (SD) | Mean Difference (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
Calcaneal dorsi-flexion at heel contact (°) | -1.05 (6.16) | 0.37 (6.06) | 1.42 (-3.44 to 6.27) |
Max. calcaneal dorsi-flexion (°) | 7.61(5.91) | 8.23(4.29) | 6.28 (-3.69 to 4.94) |
Max. calcaneal plantar-flexion (°) | 8.14(5.43) | 7.63(5.58) | 5.11 (-3.84 to 4.86) |
Total range of calcaneal dorsi-/plantar-flexion(°) | 15.74(4.35) | 15.86(5.2) | 0.12 (-3.57 to 3.80) |
Calcaneal eversion at heel contact (°) | -5.77 (3.61) | -5.17 (3.11) | 0.60 (-2.14 to 3.35) |
Max. calcaneal eversion (°) | 3.24(2.85) | 4.50(2.99) | 1.26 (-1.03 to 3.56) |
Max. calcaneal inversion (°) | 7.69(4.01) | 6.33(2.53) | 1.36 (-1.50 to 4.21) |
Total range of calcaneal eversion/inversion(°) | 10.93(3.24) | 10.83(3.44) | -0.96 (-2.72 to 2.52) |
Calcaneal eversion excursion (°) | 9.75(3.32) | 10.27(3.55) | 0.53 (-2.16 to 3.22) |
Calcaneal internal rotation at heel contact (°) | -4.08 (9.53) | -0.75 (24.03) | 7.89 (-14.15 to 20.81) |
Max. calacaneal external rotation (°) | 10.84(8.39) | 5.94(23.81) | 2.64 (-14.29 to 19.57) |
Max. calacaneal internal rotation (°) | -0.41(8.59) | 2.23(23.33) | 4.90 (-12.36 to 22.15) |
Total range of calcaneal external/internal rotation (°) | 10.43(3.12) | 8.17(4.02) | -2.26 (-4.98 to 4.70) |
Knee joint extension at heel contact (°) | -2.10 (7.55) | -4.62 (5.78) | -2.52 (-7.67 to 2.62) |
Max. knee joint flexion (°) | 22.85(7.86) | 22.12(5.30) | -3.03 (-7.98 to 1.92) |
Max. knee joint extension (°) | 1.38(6.78) | -1.65(4.92) | 0.73 (-4.93 to 6.40) |
Total range of knee joint flexion/extension (°) | 24.24(6.03) | 20.48(4.03) | -3.76 (-8.10 to 0.58) |
Knee joint valgus at heel contact (°) | 2.61 (3.47) | 2.32 (4.63) | -0.29 (-3.37 to 2.79) |
Max. knee joint valgus (°) | 4.56(3.24) | 3.42(4.89) | -1.14 (-4.20 to 1.90) |
Max. knee joint varus (°) | 0.22(3.16) | 2.21(4.42) | -1.99 (-4.86 to 0.88) |
Total range of knee joint valgus/varus (°) | 4.78(1.67) | 5.62(1.97) | 0.84 (-0.56 to 2.25) |
Knee joint internal rotation at heel contact (°) | -2.47 (5.89) | -7.09 (6.84) | -4.62 (-9.99 to 0.75) |
Max. knee joint internal rotation (°) | 7.94(6.05) | 3.08(5.07) | -4.86 (-9.70 to -0.01) |
Max. knee joint external rotation (°) | 4.90(6.81) | 10.18(6.54) | -5.28 (-10.62 to 0.06) |
Total range of knee joint internal/external rotation (°) | 12.84(3.90) | 13.23(3.09) | 0.42 (-2.49 to 3.32) |
Knee joint internal rotation excursion | 12.82(3.95) | 12.37(4.66) | -0.45 (-3.78 to 2.87) |
Hip joint flexion at heel contact (°) | 31.49 (11.99) | 28.30 (6.16) | -3.18 (-14.49 to 5.13) |
Max. hip joint flexion (°) | 33.3(9.39) | 28.77(6.11) | -4.53 (-11.25 to 2.20) |
Max. hip joint extension (°) | 6.80(10.86) | 12.24(8.38) | -5.44 (-13.47 to 2.59) |
Total range of hip joint flexion/extension (°) | 40.09(4.02) | 41.01(4.39) | 0.92 (-4.08 to 5.91) |
Hip joint abduction at heel contact (°) | -2.25 (3.67) | -1.23 (5.15) | 1.00 (-2.32 to 4.34) |
Max. hip joint abduction (°) | -1.21(4.22) | 0.42(3.52) | 1.62 (-1.55 to 4.80) |
Max. hip joint adduction (°) | 10.54(4.86) | 8.93(4.39) | 1.61 (-2.13 to 5.35) |
Total range of hip joint abduction/adduction (°) | 9.33(2.61) | 9.35(3.52) | 0.01 (-2.31 to 2.34) |
Hip joint internal rotation at heel contact (°) | 0.75 (5.22) | 1.10 (6.43) | 0.35 (-4.11 to 4.82) |
Max. hip joint internal rotation (°) | 9.80(6.18) | 13.53(5.05) | 3.73 (-0.90 to 8.36) |
Max. hip joint external rotation (°) | 2.85(4.74) | 0.55(6.55) | 2.30 (-1.97 to 6.58) |
Total range of hip joint internal/external rotation (°) | 12.65(2.91) | 14.08(3.77) | 1.43 (-1.12 to 3.97) |
Hip joint internal rotation excursion (°) | 10.61(2.91) | 13.33(3.86) | 2.71 (0.33 to 5.10) |